有些不可数名词,单独使用时不能带不定冠词,但是加上定语后,就可以带不定冠词。例如:
(1) sensitivity, a remarkable sensitivity, a charming sensitivity, a sensitivity that delighted the critics
(2) business, a brick business, a lifelong business, a difficult business
(3) education, a good education, a college education, a first-rate education, a thorough education
【注意】有些不可数名词即使前有个形容词,也不能与不定冠词连用,应该在学习英语时逐个记住。例如:
(1)progress, swift progress, slow progress, great progress, remarkable progress
(2) weather, clear weather, broken weather, capricious weather, gloomy weather, foul/nasty/rotten weather
(3) work工作, hard work
(一)冠词用法讲解
冠词作为一种虚词,在英语中只能和名词一起使用。英语中的冠词分为不定冠词和定冠词。
1.不定冠词的用法
不定冠词有两个,a 和 an。a用在辅音开头的单词前面;an用于以元音开头的单词前。如:a book, an apple。
1) 不定冠词用在但数可数名词前表示“某一个”。如:
There is a policeman at the door.
门口有个警察。
2) 不定冠词用在单数可数名词之前,表示“任何,每个”。如:
A car must be insured.
汽车一定要上保险。
A soldier must obey orders.
军人必须服从命令。
3) 不定冠词用于头一次出现的单数名词之前。如:
There is a box in the room. The box is heavy.
房间里有个箱子。这个箱子很重。
4) 不定冠词和名词连用作表语或同位语,主要说明某个人或东西所属类别。如:
She is a teacher. 她是个老师。
We all thought him a suitable person for the job.
我们都认为他是适合做这个项目的人。
5) 定冠词用在价格、速度、比率等短语中。如:
six kilometers an hour 每小时60公里
3 times a day 每天三次
6) 不定冠词用在专有名词前。如:
He wants to buy a Kodak.他想买架柯达相机。
7)不定冠词用于某些固定短语中。如:
have a try试一下 take a break 休息一下 have a good time 玩得痛快
make a living 谋生 as a matter of fact 事实上 in a word 总而言之
2. 定冠词的用法
1) 定冠词和名词连用,表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。如:
Mother carved the meat into slices.
妈妈把肉切成了片。
2) 定冠词用于可数名词前,表示一类人或东西。如:
The horse is a useful animal. 马是一种有用的动物。
3) 定冠词用于第二次出现的名词之前。如:
I got a letter yesterday. The letter was sent by e-mail.
我昨天接到了一封信。那信是电子邮件。
4) 定冠词用于有词组或者定语从句修饰的名词前。如:
He is investigating the cause of the fire.他正在调查这场大火的原因。
5) 定冠词用于某些名词或者形容词前,表示一类人,一个民族,阶级或阶层。如:
the chinese 中国人 the rich 富人
the dead 死者 the deaf 聋人
6) 定冠词用于指说话双方都知道的人或事。如:
Please close the door.请把门关上。
7) 定冠词用于世界上独一无二的事物前。如:
the sun 太阳 the earth 地球 the world世界
8) 定冠词用于序数词前表示顺序。如:
the third group 第三组
9) 定冠词用于形容词和副词的最高级前面。如:
This is the most intersting book I have ever read. 这是我所读过的书中最有趣的一本。
10)定冠词在play后和乐器连用
play the piano弹钢琴 play the flute吹长笛
11)定冠词与姓氏的复数形式连用,表示一家人。如:
The Blacks came to China in 1994.
布莱克一家是1994年来中国的。
12)定冠词的其他用法
the Changjiang River长江 the Red Sea 红海 (用于表示江河海洋的名词前)
the Taiwan Straits台湾海峡 the Gulf of Mexico墨西哥湾 (用于表示海峡海湾的名词前)
the Alps阿尔卑斯山 the Sahara Desert撒哈拉沙漠 (用于山脉沙漠的名词前)
the People’s Republic of China 中华人民共和国(用于国家名称)
the National Gallery国家美术馆 the Military Museum 军事博物馆(用于公共建筑名前)
the State Council国务院 the Senate参议院 the House of Representatives 众议院 (用于机关、团体名词前)
the Geneva Agreement日内瓦协议 the Washington Post 华盛顿邮报 (用于报刊、条约之前)
3.不用冠词的情况
1) 表示独一无二的职务、身份前一般不用冠词。如:
Elizabeth II, Queen of England 英国女王伊丽莎白二世
He was elected chairmen of the committee.他当选为协会主席。
2) 表示球类、棋类的运动项目不加冠词。如:
play football 踢足球 play chess下象棋
3) 在一日三餐名词前不用冠词。如:
have breakfast/lunch/supper 吃早饭/午饭/晚饭
4) 交通工具名词前不用冠词
by car坐汽车 by ship 坐船
by plane坐飞机 on foot 步行
5) 在一些地点的名词,如:bed, church, school, hospital,home, work等。当人们去这些地方做在这些地方应该做的事时,不加冠词。
go home回家 go to school去上学 go to church去教堂祈祷
in hospital住院 go to work上班
注:如果在上述词组前面加上定冠词the,可以表示去这些场所做其他的事情。如:
He came to the school to speak to the headmaster.他来学校和校长谈话。
He went to the church to see the carvings.他去教堂看雕刻。
His mother is in hospital and he has been in the hospital to take care of her.
他妈妈生病住院了,他就一直在医院里面照顾她。
4.泛指概念的四种表达方式
1) 不带the 的不可数名词可以表示泛指
I like music.我喜欢音乐。
2) 不带the 的复数可数名词表示泛指。
Bananas are yellow.香蕉是黄色的。
3) “the+单数可数名词”可以表示泛指
The elephant is the largest land mammal.大象是陆地上最大的哺乳动物。
4) “不定冠词a/an+单数可数名词” 可以表示泛指。
A dog makes good pet.狗是很好的宠物。
(二)抽象名词和不可数名词前使用冠词情况
抽象名词具体化或物质名词个体化,表示“一种、一场、一次”等意义时。例如:
create a new socialist culture
创造一种新的社会主义文化
make himself a great success
使自己成为一位成功的人
receive a good education
受到一种良好的教育
gain a good knowledge of science
掌握科学知识
make a translation of the poem
对这首诗进行一次翻译
do somebody a great kindness
帮某人一次大忙
have a tea
喝一杯茶
have a heavy snow
下一场大雪
have a good time
玩个痛快
treat me to a big lunch
请我吃一顿丰盛的午饭
a great success.
一次巨大成功
2.表示某种动作的“一例”、“一次”、“一番”等意义时。
例如:
make a thorough cleaning
做一次彻底的大扫除
make an analysis of the article
对这篇文章做一次分析
have a look 看一看
go for a swim去游泳
3.表示某种情绪的不可数名词用来指引起这种情绪的事情时。
例如:
It's been a great pleasure to talk to you.
和你交谈真是一件乐事。
He is an honor to the school.
他是学校的光荣。
What a pleasant surprise!
多么令人惊喜的一件事啊!
What a shame!
多可惜的事啊!
4. 专有名词用来表示某作家或艺术家的一件作品、某厂的一件产品或指具有类似或相同品质的人或事物。例如:
a complete Lu Xun
一套鲁迅全集
a newly-found Picasso
一幅新发现的毕加索的画
a 1950 Ford
一辆1950年产的福特车
a Lei Feng
一位雷锋式的人
a table cloth
一块桌布
英语冠词用法归纳总结
【一】零冠词
1.不用冠词的情况
(1)专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前,一般不加冠词。
China , America, Smith
Air is matter.
(2)可数名词前有物主代词、指示代词、名词所有格等限制时,不加冠词。
This dictionary is mine.
(3)季节、月份、星期、节日、假日、一日三餐名称前一般不加冠词。
March, May Day, National Day, Children’s Day, Women’s Day
Have you had supper?
Spring is the best season of the year.
(4)称呼语或指家用雇用的nurse、cook等名词前及表示头衔职务的名词作宾语、补语及同位语时,一般不加冠词。
What’s this, Father? We made him our chairman.
Ask nurse to put the child to bed. Professor Li.
(5)学科名称、球类、棋类名称前不加冠词。
Do you study physics?
He likes playing football/chess.
(6)复数名词表示泛指一类人或事物时前不用冠词。
They are peasants/ workers.
(7)在与by连用的交通工具名称前不加冠词。
by car, by bus,by bike, by train, by air/ water/ land
但:take a bus, come in a boat, on the train/ bus需注意。
(8)某些固定词组中不用冠词。
①名词词组中:
husband and wife, brother and sister, body and soul, day and night, knife and fork
②介词词组中:
to(at, from) school, in (to)class, in (to,at, from)university(college),to(in, into, from)church, to(in,into, out of)prison(hospital, bed), to(at, from, out of)work, to(in, from) town,at (from)home, to(at)sea, at night(noon, midnight), by car (bus, bicycle, plane), on foot
注意:在有些词组中,有无冠词含义不同。
in hospital 住院(因病)
in the hospital在医院(工作、参观等)
in front of在前面,指某物体之外
in the front of在前部,指某物之内
in charge负责,主管 out of question没问题
in the charge由……负责 out of the question不可能
(9)as引导的让步状语从句中,作表语的名词不带冠词。
Child as she is, she knows a lot of French.
(10)系动词turn(作“变成”解)后作表语的单数可数名词前习惯不用冠词。
The young girl has turned writer.
= The young girl has become a writer.
(11)在单数名词 + after + 同一单数名词(表示“一个接一个”)结构中,单数可数名词前不加冠词。
She did experiment after experiment.
类似的还有:shop after shop, mistake after mistake
(12)形容词的最高级前、序数词前也有不用定冠词的情况。
①“most + 形容词原级”作“十分、非常、极”解时,前面不用定冠词。
Oh, it’s most beautiful.
②当两个形容词最高级并列修饰同一个名词时,第二个形容词前通常不用定冠词。
She is the tallest and fattest girl in our school.
③当形容词最高级作表语,不表示与其他人或物相比时,其前不用定冠词。
The market in the country is busiest in winter.
④形容词最高级前有名词所有格或物主代词时,不能用定冠词。
A wolf in a sheep’s skin is our most dangerous enemy.
⑤序数词前面一般加定冠词表示“第……”之意,但在second、third等词前加不定冠词表示“又一,再一”之意。
…why you took a second arrow
注意:下句中“a first”表示“第一名、冠军”。
He is a top student in our class, he often gets a first in maths.
(13)no与such连用时应放在such之前,such后面的名词不用冠词。
No such thing has ever happened in this village.
(14)never、ever置于作主语的名词前,这些名词前不用冠词。
Never did student study so hard.这个学生从未学得这么认真。
(15)有时为了节省空间、时间、金钱和精力,或为了引起注意力,省去a(n)或the,这主要用于新闻标题、工商业文件、广告、电报、公告、提纲、书名等。
Conference opens.会议召开了。
【二】不用冠词的用法:
1) 国名,人名前通常不用定冠词:England,Mary;
2)泛指的复数名词,表示一类人或事物时,可不用定冠词;
They are teachers. 他们是教师。
3)抽象名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词;
Failure is the mother of success. 失败乃成功之母。
4)物质名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词,当表示特定的意思时,需要加定冠词;
Man cannot live without water. 人离开水就无法生存。
5)在季节、月份、节日、 假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前,不加冠词;
We go to school from Monday to Friday. 我们从星期一到星期五都上课。
6)在称呼或表示官衔,职位的名词前不加冠词;
The guards took the American to General Lee.
士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。
7)在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前,不加冠词 如:have breakfast,play chess
8)当两个或两个以上名词并用时,常省去冠词;
I can't write without pen or pencil. 没有钢笔和铅笔,我就写不了字。
9)当by 与火车等交通工具连用,表示一种方式时,中间无冠词;by bus,by train;
10)有些个体名词不用冠词;如:
school,college,prison,market,hospital,bed,table,class,town,church,court 等个体名词,直接置于介词后,表示该名词的深层含义;
go to hospital 去医院看病
go to the hospital 去医院 (并不是去看病,而是有其他目的)
11)不用冠词的序数词;
a. 序数词前有物主代词
b. 序数词作副词 He came first in the race.
c. 在固定词组中 at (the) first,first of all, from first to last
【三】定冠词用法
定冠词的使用情况
(1)使用定冠词的一般情况。
①特指或第二次提到。
②序数词前、最高级前、独一无二的东西前。
③用于表示发明物的单数名词前或某些专有名词前。
(2)定冠词使用特殊的场合。
① He hit him in the face.
beat sb. on the nose, take sb. by the arm, pat sb. on the head② the rich, the poor, the wounded 富人,穷人,伤员
③ the elder of the two, he more beautiful of the two两者中较年长的一位,较漂亮的一个
④ The sooner, the better.越快越好。
⑤ He got paid by the hour.他是按小时付工钱的。
by the yard/the dozen/the month/the year…
但:by weight按重量
⑥ in the 50s /in the 1870s(表示年代)
⑦ the Smiths/the Whites(表示一家人或夫妇俩)
⑧ in the water/field/light/shade/distance/middle/country/rain
⑨ tell the truth/on the other hand/on the way home
⑩ 当抽象名词表示某一特定内容,特别是当它有一限定性修饰语时,
它与定冠词连用:
She is fond of music.
He is playing the music written by Beethoven.
Good advice is beyond price.
I’m sorry not to have taken the advice he gave.
【四】定冠词使用
定冠词the与指示代词this,that同源,有"那(这)个"的意思,但较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。
1)特指双方都明白的人或物:
Take the medicine. 把药吃了。
2)上文提到过的人或事:
He bought a house. I've been to the house.
他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。
3)指世上独一物二的事物:
the sun, the sky, the moon, the earth
4)单数名词连用表示一类事物,如:the dollar 美元;
the fox 狐狸;或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人:the rich 富人; the living 生者。
5)用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词only, very, same等前面:
Where do you live? I live on the second floor. 你住在哪?我住在二层。
That's the very thing I've been looking for. 那正是我要找的东西。
6)与复数名词连用,指整个群体:
They are the teachers of this school.指全体教师)
They are teachers of this school. (指部分教师)
7)表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前:
She caught me by the arm.. 她抓住了我的手臂。
8)用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前:
the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国
the United States 美国
9)用在表示乐器的名词之前: She plays the piano. 她会弹钢琴。
10) 用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人:
the Greens 格林一家人 (或格林夫妇)
11) 用在惯用语中:
in the day, in the morning (afternoon,evening), the day after tomorrow
the day before yesterday, the next morning,
in the sky (water,field,country)
in the dark, in the rain, in the distance,
in the middle (of), in the end,
on the whole, by the way, go to the theatre
【五】不定冠词
3.不定冠词用法归纳总结:
1)不定冠词用法总纲:
(1)表示“一”相当于“one”。I’ll return in a day or two.
(2)表示“每”相当于“per”。We have three meals a day.
(3)表示“同一性”相当于“the same”。The children are of an age.
(4)表示类指,表示“某类”。He wants to he a doctor.
(5)表示泛指,相当于“any”。A horse is a useful animal.
(6)表示某一个,相当于“a certain”。A Mr. Smith is asking to see you.
(7)与抽象名词连用,可以表示“一场、一次、一件”,如:a pleasure一件乐事,a surprise一件令人惊讶的事,a joy一件高兴的事,a pity一件遗憾的事,an honour一个(件)经以为荣的人(事)。
(8)与物质名词连用,表示“一种,一阵、一份”。
What a heavy rain!
What a good supper!
Please give me a black coffee!
2)不定冠词用法
冠词是虚词,本身不能单独使用,也没有词义,它用在名词的前面,帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词有三种,一种是定冠词(the Definite Article),另一种是不定冠词(the Indefinite Article),还有一种是零冠词(Zero Article)。
不定冠词a (an)与数词one 同源,是"一个"的意思。a用于辅音音素前,一般读作[e],而an则用于元音音素前,一般读做[en]。
1) 表示"一个",意为one;指某人或某物,意为a certain。
A Mr. Ling is waiting for you.
2) 代表一类人或物。
A knife is a tool for cutting with.
Mr. Smith is an engineer.
3) 词组或成语。
a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try / keep an eye on / all of a sudden
4.冠词表类别的常见方式
(1)定冠词 + 单数可数名词,表示一个,代表一类。
The computer was invented in 1945.
The TV set was invented by Joan Baird.
The horse is a useful animal.
(2)不定冠词 + 单数可数名词(表示任意一个,某一个)。
A pen is a tool for writing.
A square has four sides.
A horse is a useful animal.
注意:man, woman表示泛指时,不用冠词,且常用单数。如:
Man is fighting a battle against pollution.
Man tries to be the protector of woman.
(3)可数名词或不可数名词,指类别(考虑到同类中的各个情况)。
Horses are useful animals.
Rice is a kind of food.
5.冠词位置问题
(1)不定冠词 + 副词 + 形容词 + 名词。
This is a very interesting story.
(2)such、what、both、all、quite、rather +不定冠词+形容词+名词。
I’ve never seen such a film!
Half a pound of pork,please!
What a good idea it is!
(3)as、so、too、how、however、enough+形容词+不定冠词+名词。
It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.
I can’t finish the task in so short a time.
This seems not too long a distance.
We wonder how difficult a problem he worked out.
However low te price you paid,you waste your money.
He is brave enough a hunter to kill the bear.
(4)定冠词位置。
①half、twice、three times + the + 名词
He paid twice the price for it.
Their house is three times the size of yours.
②all、both、double + the + 名词
Both the blind men were mistaken.
All the students in our class are eager to know the secret.
I offered him double the amount, but he still refused.
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