胡鑫镛编著葛传椝审校的《英语语法五十题》对时间介词in和during有较详细的说明,在此贴上以供参考:
(a) in和during在表示时段上十分相像,如表示在某一段特指的时间的开始时或该段时间之中发生的事件时,两者可以互换,句子的意义大致相同。如:
We'll be on holiday in / during August. 我们将于八月开始度假。
I woke up three times in / during the night. 我夜间醒了三次。
(b) 如果谓语动词表示的是状态或习惯,强调的是动作或状态的持续性,这时宜用during。试比较:
My father was injured in the war. 我父亲在战争中受了伤。
Many people suffered hardship during the war. 很多人在战争中含辛茹苦。
前一例中,was injured显然是被动语态,injure是非持续性动词,它表示的既非状态,又非习惯性动作,所以要用介词in;在后一例中,suffer是持续性动词,表示状态,因而要用介词during。又如:
We usually go swimming in summer. 夏天我们通常要去游泳。
We stay in the country during the summer. 在夏天,我们住在乡下。
The shop's closed during the whole of August. 这家商店在整个八月份都关门停止营业。
(c) 在某些表示事件的名词前(如:stay, visit, meal等),宜用during,以表示这些事件的持续时间,一般不用in。如:
I went to see my aunt during my stay in Beijing. 在北京逗留期间,我去看了姑妈。
During the meal we talked about the news. 席间,我们议论了时事。
从以上例句中可见,我们这里指的那些事件,表示的是某种活动,并非时间的长度本身。又如:
He had some amazing experiences during his military service. 他在服兵役期间的经历实在有点惊心动魄。
* He had some amazing experiences in his military service.
因为zheermilitary service (服兵役) 是一种活动,其本身并不指时间长度,所以要用during,不能用in。但是在 He had some zmazing experiences in / during his childhood.(他童年时代的经历实在令人惊心动魄。)中,childhood(童年时期)本身含有某一段时间的意思,所以既可用during以强调其持续性的一面,也可以用in表示其时间长度。
(d) 有时为了进行强调或对比,说明某一件事确实发生在某一时间段之内,而并非发生在另一段时间之内,这时要用in。如:
No, it was in 1970, not in 1979. 不那是在1970年,而不是在1979年。
We usually go on holiday in July, but last year we went in Sptember. 我们通常七月份去度假,而去年我们是九月份去的。
(e) 与四季的名称连用,in是泛指,during是特指,试比较:
In summer we often camp in the forest. 夏天我们常在森林中露营。(泛指)
During the summer we camped in the forest. 今年夏天我们在森林中露营。(特指)
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根据《朗文当代英语词典》,in the night 和 during the night 均可表示夜间的某一时刻,该词典给的解释是:in / during the night ( = at a particular point in the night )
例句:
I only slept in snatches in the night / during the night. 我夜里时睡时醒。
I woke up several times in the night / during the night. 夜里我醒了好几次。
Several trees were blown down in the night / during the night. 夜里有好几棵树被刮倒了。
She developed breathing difficulties in the night / during the night. 她晚上出现了呼吸困难。