英语中有些句子形式上是否定的,但是内容含义上却是肯定的。这类句式或结构大致有以下一些:
(1) cannot wait to do sth,意为“急于做”,表示强调的肯定。如:
I cannot wait to see the film. 我非常渴望看这部电影。
I’m no sailor and I couldn’t wait to reach dry land. 我晕船,恨不得立刻上岸。
(2) cannot…too,意为“越……越……”“非常”“无论怎样……也不过分”,其中的cannot 有时也可改为can hardly, can scarcely, can never, impossible;其中的too有时也可改为over, enough等。如:
One can never be too careful. 越仔细越好。
You cannot be too careful in driving a car. 开车时再怎么小心也不为过。
You can’t watch your accounts too carefully. 账再仔细注意也不为过。
关于这类句型有三点要注意:
①这类句型中的can表示推测,而不是表示能力。否则意思会有所不同。如:
You can’t be too sure of his agreeing. 你不能太肯定他会同意。
②其中的cannot有时也可以换成can hardly, can scarcely, can never等。如:
We can hardly praise him too much. 对他我们无论怎么赞扬也不过分。
③其中的 too 有时可换成 enough(当然结构也跟着改变)。如:
He cannot see you quickly enough. 他想很快见到你。
另外,It is impossible to do sth too… 有时也可表示类似意思。如:
It is impossible to get there too soon. 去那儿越早越好。
(3) not…until [till]…,意为“直到……时候才”。如:
He didn’t come until yesterday. 直到昨天他才来。
He didn’t go to bed until his wife came back. 直到他妻子回来他才睡觉。
(4) 否定词+but,主要有以下几类句式:
① no…but…,意为“没有……不……”,是一种双重否定,相当于肯定;其中的but可视为一个表示否定的关系代词(= who / that…not)。如:
There is no tree but bears some fruit. 没有树不结果。
Not a man but had tears in his eyes. 没有人眼中没有眼泪。
Surely there isn’t a mother but faces this problem. 肯定的,没有一个母亲不面临这个问题。
② never…but…,意为“每当……总是……”“没有哪次不是……”。如:
It never rains but it pours. 每次下雨都是倾盆大雨。
You never think of anything but that child! 你只一味想到那孩子!
I never see her but I want to kiss her. 我每次见到她都想吻她。
③ nothing but,意为“仅仅”“只”“只有……才”。如:
He dreams of nothing but going home. 他只想回家。
There is nothing but some waste paper in the desk. 课桌里只有些废纸。
none but也可表示类似意思。如:
None but the best is good enough for my child. 只有最好的才配得上我的孩子。
None but the brave deserves the fair. 只有勇士才配得到美人。
(5) It’s not long before…,意为“不久……就……”。如:
It won’t be long before we see each other. 不久我们又会见面的。
It wasn’t long before he realized his mistake. 不久他意识到了自己的错误。
(6) 否定词+without,意为“每……必……”。如:
There is no smoke without fire. 有烟必有火。
He never goes out without losing his umbrella. 他每一次出去都丢失他的雨伞。
I never see her without thinking of my younger sister. 每次见到她,我就想起我的妹妹。
(7) no [none] other than,意为“不是别人”“正是”。如:
This is no other than the book we want to buy. 这正是我们要买的那本书。
Her first customer was none other than Mrs Blair. 她的第一位顾客竟然是布莱尔夫人。
The mystery guest on the show was none other than Prince Charles! 节目中的那位神秘的特邀人士不是别人,正是查尔斯王子!
(8) too…not to do sth,意为“非常……必定能”“太……不会不”。如:
He is too wise not to see that. 他是那样聪明,不会看不到这一点。
He is too foolish not to say it. 他那么傻,不会不把这事说出来。
但是,如果把否定词放在too的前面,构成not too…to,则表示“并不太……所以能”。如:
English is not too difficult to learn. 英语没有难到不能学的程度。
He is not too old to do it. 他做这件事,年龄并不老。
若用于never too…to do sth,则表示“做某事永远不会太……”。如:
It’s never too late to mend. 改过不嫌晚。
(9) never…+比较级+than,意为“从没有比……更……的”,相当于最高级的意思,通常可译为“最……的”。如:
I have never drunk better beer. 我从来没喝过这么好的啤酒。(这是我喝过最好的啤酒。)
I have never met a kinder man. 我从来没遇见过这么仁厚的人。(这是我见过的最仁厚的人。)
He had never spent a more worrying day. 他从来没有度过这样烦恼的日子。(这是他度过的最烦恼的日子。)
有时其中的never也可换成其他的否定词。如:
I couldn’t agree more. 我非常同意。
Nothing is more valuable than health. 健康是最宝贵的。
(10) 否定修辞性疑问句,可以表示非常强烈的肯定。如:
Who does not know? 谁不知道? (人人都知道。)
Why not try again? 你怎么不再试试?(你该再试试!)
(11) 否定感叹疑问句,通常表示肯定意义。如:
Isn’t the weather nice! 天气多么好呀!
Hasn’t she grown! 她长这么大了!
Isn’t she beautiful! 她多漂亮啊!
(12) Won’t you…,这类句子表面上为疑问句,实质上为祈使句,用于表示邀请或请求,通常表示肯定意义。如:
Won’t you sit down? 请坐好吗?
Won’t you come with us? 你和我们一起去好吗?
Won’t you take off your coat? 你要不要把大衣脱掉?
(13) 某些惯用短语,虽然其中包括有not等否定词,但它们并不表示否定意义。如:
① not a little,若用作副词,则表示“很”“相当”;若用作形容词,则表示“不少的”“相当多的”。如:
He was not a little surprised. 他极为惊讶。
She was not a little worried about the expense. 她对那笔开支相当苦恼。
I am so sorry to give you not a little trouble. 真抱歉给你添了这么多麻烦。
② not a few,意为“相当多”“颇有几个”“不少”。如:
Not a few of my friends are vegetarian. 我朋友中不少人吃素。
Both students have made not a few experiments on electricity. 这两个学生都做了不少电学实验。
③ not half,意为“非常”“极其”。如:
It is not half windy today! 今天风很大!
“Did you enjoy the show?” “Not half!” “你喜欢这出戏吗?”“太喜欢啦!”
④ cannot help but do sth,意为“不得不做某事”“只好做某事”。如:
You can’t help but respect them. 你不由得不尊敬他们。
I can’t help but wonder what I should do next. 我不得不问自己下一步我应该做什么。
与之用法类似的还有cannot but do sth, cannot choose but do sth等。如:
I cannot but admire his courage. 我不能不钦佩他的勇敢。
She cannot choose but leave her children at home. 她只好把孩子们留在家里。
⑤ (as) likely as not,意为“很可能”“大概会”。如:
As likely as not, the French team will win. 很可能是法国队会赢。
Likely as not, she won’t come. 她很可能不会来。
⑥ more often than not,意为“常常”“往往”。如:
When it’s foggy the trains are late more often than not. 雾大时火车往往误点。
More often than not, he’s drunk when I met him. 我见到他时,他总是喝得醉醺醺的。