1) Lesson 2-73
The next car the boy stopped did not take him into the centre of Paris as he hoped it would, but to Perpignan on the French-Spanish border.
2) Lesson 2-78
Anyway, as Brian pointed out, it is the easiest thing in the world to give up smoking. He himself has done it lots of times!
3) Lesson 3-4
Such is human nature, that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white-collar workers.
This can give rise to curious situations, as it did in the case of Alfred Bloggs who worked as a dustman for the Ellesmere Corporation.
4) Lesson 3-5
When the journalist again failed to reply, the editor reluctantly published the article as it had originally been written.
以上都取材于新概念中的as例句。
对此类as用法一直以来糊里糊涂,从没有搞懂过。看到网上或参考书上或各类语法书上对这些as的用法说法解释不尽相同,我感到困惑,无所适从。
我的困惑是:
1)以上4句中的as用法含义一样吗? 1),2) 将as从句放到主句后,可换用which吗?3),4)可否用which替换呢?
2)按传统语法来分析,以上4句中的as应该如何理解?有的说是非限制性定语从句,有的是方式状语从句,究竟是什么呀?
3)如果按现代语法来分析:以上4句都属于比较分句吗?这个尤其不懂,比较分句至少应该有2个比较对象吧?那么这2个比较对象分别是什么呢?
4)特别想知道:以上4句中的as具体指代和语法作用,词性分别是什么? 3)句中的as指的是什么?did具体指的是什么(是gave rise to 还是 gave rise to curious situations 呢?), 4)句中的as怎么理解分析?
麻烦大师们逐一解答,非常感谢!
1 The next car the boy stopped did not take him into the centre of Paris as he hoped it would, but to Perpignan on the French-Spanish border.
首先要明确,这个句子not的否定范围涵盖as比较分句,即not否定的是took him into the centre of Paris as he hoped it would. 即句子意思是下一辆车并没有像他希望的那样把他带到巴黎市中心。 as分句表示比较, 即他希望到达的地方和车把他带到的地方是一致的,然后not否定这种一致。as分句为比较状语从句。不能分析为方式状语从句,因为从句比较的是目的地的一致性,而不是take的方式。无论传统语法还是现代语法都只能按照比较状语从句分析。这个现代语法和传统语法都认为是连词,不做成分,但现代语法则认为as分句中的目的地状语是空位。 would后可以补上take him, 但目的地状语必须空缺。这个句子中的as不可以用which替换。
2 Anyway, as Brian pointed out, it is the easiest thing in the world to give up smoking. He himself has done it lots of times!
这个as分句就是传统语法中as引导的非限制性定语从句,as被分析为关系代词,指代主句内容,并在定语从句中作pointed out的宾语。如果把这个分句移到句末,as可以用which替换,但语义稍有差别,没有了比较意义。现代语法则不认为as为关系代词,仍然把as分析为连词,不做成分,as分句中的宾语缺失为空位,该空位为比较对应项,是一个that从句,从句内容与主句相同,逻辑意义是,Brian指出的事情和主句所说的事情是一致的。夸克把这种as分句分析为评注性状语,即说话人对主句所做的解释、说明。如果as分句在句末,用which替换后就不是比较分句了,而是关系分句,which指代主句内容。夸克把这种which引导的非限制性关系分句称为句子关系分句(sentential relative clause).
3 Such is human nature, that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white-collar workers.
This can give rise to curious situations, as it did in the case of Alfred Bloggs who worked as a dustman for the Ellesmere Corporation.
现代语法(剑桥英语语法)认为这个as比较分句为补充语supplement,对主句作补充说明,as为连词不做成分,it指代主句的主语it,did替代谓语动词gave rise to,宾语为比较对应项,在比较分句中必须省略,形成空位。如果用which替换as,which it did in the case of... 剑桥英语语法则认为这是非限制性关系分句作补充语,which的先行词为curious situations。传统语法根据语义会认为as it did...为方式状语从句, 就像...那样。传统语法不会认为as从句为定语从句。因为传统语法认为as引导非限制性定语从句时,as的先行词为主句内容,而本句中as的先行词显然不是主句内容。如果as被which替换,则传统语法会认为which引导非限制性定语从句,修饰名词curious situations。
4 When the journalist again failed to reply, the editor reluctantly published the article as it had originally been written.
无论传统语法还是现代语法,都会把这个as分句分析为方式状语从句。并且都会认为as为连词,在从句中不做成分。但现代语法会认为as分句中的方式状语的位置是个空位。这个as不可以用which替换。但在非正式语体中可以用the way替换as。
你可以看出,现代语法认为表示比较意义的as都是连词,都不在从句中做成分,但认为比较分句中有一个空位。传统语法则有时把as分析为连词,不在从句中做成分,有时则把as分析为关系代词,在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。作为英语学习者,其实你不用过于介意as是什么词类,但你必须了解as引导分句表示比较意义时的分句结构。你可以按照现代语法去理解,也可以按照传统语法去理解,以掌握正确结构为目的。
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