3 which在从句中的使用问题
1.Human evolution is the lengthy process of change by WHICH people originated from apelike ancestors.
2.The cultural and religious crisis through WHICH the Roman Empire was passing in the fourth century is one of the most significant events in the history of the world.
关于介词后which的问题希望能得到老师的解惑。
上述例句中的which为了方便查看，用的是大写。
我的疑问在于which是关系代词，是从句缺成分(如：主语、宾语等)的时候使用。
例句1中，which在从句中充当什么成分呢？如果by which引导的是定语从句吗？那还原成普通句式，by which 应该放到从句的哪个位置才合理地作为关系代词的存在呢？
介词后面一般不能使用that引导的宾语从句,但是放在这里也很难为什么使用which.
第二句中through which引导的是名词性从句吗(即和后面的was passing一起构成：was passing through which)？因此这里的which 是指代的前面的The cultural and religious crisis吗？
希望老师能讲解一下这两句例句所涉及的句法。
最佳答案 2021-08-23 18:50
1. Human evolution is the lengthy process of change by WHICH people originated from apelike ancestors.
2. The cultural and religious crisis through WHICH the Roman Empire was passing in the fourth century is one of the most significant events in the history of the world.
1. 先纠正网友认识上的偏差：which 是关系代词，是从句缺成分 (如：主语、宾语等) 的时候使用。—— 这个概念太大、太笼统，导致网友产生认识上的困难。
2. 关系代词 which 引导定语从句，作定语从句中的宾语的时候，可以是及物动词的宾语，也可以是介词的宾语。而且，该 which 介词短语，可以属于不及物动词的（如：the topic about which we talked）；也可以属于形容词的（如：the topic about which I am not sure）；还可以是独立的介词短语，作从句的状语（the extent to which you understand my answer），这两句的用法便是。我把定语从句改为并列句，分解一下：
Human evolution is the lengthy process of change, and by the process people originated from apelike ancestors. ——by the process 作状语。
The cultural and religious crisis is one of the most significant events in the history of the world, and through the crisis the Roman Empire was passing in the fourth century——through the crisis 作状语。
3. 结论是：关系代词 which，不仅可以作及物动词的宾语，还可以作介词的宾语。而由其组成的介词短语，在定语从句中也可以单独作状语。至于是什么状语，应根据它在定语从中的作用去判断。
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