Grade inflation—the gradual increase in average GPAs(grade-point averages) over the past few decades—is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. 

请问老师：1. to be pleased做什么成分修饰什么？

But another, related force—a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called "grade forgiveness"—is helping raise GPAs.

2. called "grade forgiveness"放在policy后与句末的区别?