I got all worked up about what my boss said. got 系动词。worked up 形容词短语,作表语。all 程度副词“完全;非常”(不可能是代词作同位语,因为 I 是单数,怎么能与复数的all 构成同位语?)。about what my boss said,介词短语,作原因状语。
该句的结构和意思基本等同于:
I got very angry at what the boss said. 网友可以对应一下:all =very; worked up =angry; about = at