在某位语法大师的语法著作中提到,介词短语有时可以作主语。“在口语中在一定场合下,会有人用副词、介词短语作主语。”我认为,这纯粹是口语现象,是为了简练而省略了本该有的“主语”it。例如:
From here to there is a short distance. “从这里到那里路程很短。”
现在,有不少人都采信这种观点。我认为,这违背了起码的语法规则,属于猎奇性质。介词短语,本质上是一种“非名词性结构”,“非名词性结构”根本无法充当句子的主语或宾语。如果作及物动词的宾语,那更是不可思议的;如果作介词的宾语,那是因为省略而形成的。
正确的表达是:
Form here to there it is a very short distance.
It is a very short distance form here to there.
关于介词短语作介词的宾语问题:
The thief came from behind the door. (from behind the door = from somewhere behind the door)
【说明】小偷从门后(的某个地方)出来。from 的宾语其实是省略了的somewhere,而behind the door是somewhere的定语。
The buses run until after twelve.(until after twelve = until sometime after twelve)
【说明】公共汽车一直行驶到午夜以后(的某个时间)。until 的宾语其实是省略了的sometime,而after twelve是sometime的定语。
语言追求简练,这都是在介词后省略宾语的结果。又如,下列句子中,是在 in 之后省略了表示“时间、地点”的名词;在 between 之后省略了其他相应的名词,都可以根据上文补充完整。在分析时应按照省略前的分析。
把以下两组句子的来龙去脉弄清楚。要想知道第3句的意思和演变,请看上面两句:
第一组:
1. The city lies in a place between New York and Chicago.
2. The city lies in between New York and Chicago.
3. The city lies in between.
第二组:
1. He has breakfast and supper and doesn’t eat anything in any time between them.
2. He has breakfast and supper and doesn’t eat anything in between them.
3. He has breakfast and supper and doesn’t eat anything in between.
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介词短语通常不作动词的宾语,但偶尔可作少数介词的宾语,最常见的有from, until, since, except;还有for, in, at等可接表示“概数”的over和under构成的介词短语。例如:
The sun came forth from behind the cloud. 太阳从云后露出来。
She won’t go home until after the exam. 她要考完试之后再回家。
He cannot spare any time except on Sunday. 除星期日外,他抽不出时间。
The fighting has continued unabated for over 24 hours. 激战已经持续了24小时以上。
We went from our house to Cambridge in under an hour. 我们从家走到剑桥大学用不到一个钟头。
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