1. 除了网友说的几种情况外,which 还可以指代主句中作表语的形容词或形容词词组。例如:
He was not sick, which some of the other passengers were.
他没有生病,但有些其他旅客却病了。
(which 指代形容词 sick)
She is always careless, which we should not be.
她总是马虎大意,我们可不应该这样。
(which 指代形容词 careless)
The two policemen were completely trusted, which in fact they were.
那两个警察完全受到信任,事实上,也真是如此。
(which 指代形容词短语 completely trusted)
She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was.
她对孩子们很耐心,她丈夫却很少这样。
(which 指代形容词短语 patient towards the children)
2. 关于 as 能否引导非限制性定语从句,现代语法跟传统语法观点不一致。最明显的一点是,as 引导的从句可以放在主句之前,还能叫定语从句吗?哪有在主句前的定语从句?不符合逻辑。应该叫比较从句。例如:
As we all know, he is a good basketball player.
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除了刘老师所说的情况外,which的先行词还可以是动词词组。例如:
Tom dances well, which I don't. (which指代dance well).
另外,as引导比较分句修饰主句,传统语法称为定语从句是逻辑错误。应该按照状语从句分析。这种用法的as从句即可以补充说明整个主句,也可以补充说明主句中的一部分。例如:
Mary is beautiful, as her sister is. (as分句对主句的表语形容词作补充说明)
Tom voted for Trump, as John did. (as分句对主句谓语部分作补充说明)
所以,which引导关系分句,即可以修饰名词或名词词组,也可以修饰形容词、动词、分句、主句、一个段落甚至一个篇章。可加传统语法把which引导的从句都称为定语从句,也是欠妥的。(which分句修饰动词、形容词和主句时,都不是定语,称之为定语从句明显是术语混乱。所以现代语法把which引导的分句就称为关系分句。)
as单独引导非限制性比较分句,即可以对主句作补充说明,也可以对主句的一部分作补充说明。《剑桥英语语法》把这种分句称为补充语分句supplementary clause。
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