The only way she could get this injury is if someone shook her,and they would have
to shake her hard.之前向老师咨询过if引导表语从句的问题,今天碰巧遇到这句话,因为不太确定这句话是否能像http://ask.yygrammar.com/q-43905.html里那样去解释,所以想确定下这是if引导的表语从句吗?这句话是否不规范?
你说你没有见过if 从句作表语的,这里你又见到了。所以if从句位于be之后的语言现象是存在的,问题在于如何理解和解释这种现象。
回答你这个问题之前,我们先回顾一下because从句位于be之后的句子。
because从句位于be之后,主语可以是两种情况。
1 主语为指示代词或人称代词it,指代前面提到过的一件事情。例如:
You lost your bike again. That/It was because you were too careless.
汉语翻译时,翻译为:这是因为你太不小心了。似乎是个系表结构。 但从逻辑上分析,that/it指的是your losing the bike again这件事,这件事做主语,was为不及物动词,意为happened/took place。because从句仍然是原因状语从句,而不是表语从句。 该句等于:
That/It happened because you were too careless.
2 主语为reason,表语说明reason是什么时,本应该用that从句,而人们误用了because。例如:
You lost your bike again. The reason was that/because you were too careless.
The reason you lost your bike again was that/because you were too careless.
托福考试明确指出because的使用为错误,要把because改为that。因为这里是确认性表语,A=B,B=A,不该用because 引导表语从句。但是讲母语的人也会犯这种逻辑错误,因此这种语法错误的句子作为非正式语体而被皱着眉头接受。严谨的作者会避免此类句子的。
现在回到你的句子。
The only way she could get this injury is if someone shook her,and they would have
to shake her hard.
从逻辑上讲,这个句子要说明唯一的方式是什么,那么表语就是唯一的方式。这里也需要一个名词性从句表示这个方式。即主语A=表语B,表语B也=主语A。此时应该用that引导名词性表语从句:
The only way she could get this injury is that someone shook her,and they would have
to shake her hard.
我们可以把主语和表语的功能互换,让that从句作主语,the only way作表语,句子依然成立:
That someone shook her, and they would have to shake her hard, is the only way she could get this injury.
由此可知,这个句子使用if是一种失误,在本该用名词性表语的位置,误用了状语从句。就如同reason作主语,本该用that引导名词性从句,而误用了because从句的情形是一样的。但由于说母语的人确实有人这么用,我们也不能说这种用法完全错误,只是不够规范而已。把if改为that,就是规范的英语句子了。
另外,黎老师认为把if 改为whether是不行的。if在此是如果的意思,不是是否的意思。改为whether句子是不通的。
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