如果愿意,可参阅《must的否定、意义以及在附加疑问句中的表现形式》
一.案例试题:
[1] Mr Green must have been punished for his being rude at the meeting, _____ he?
A. mustn’t
B. wasn’t
C. didn’t
[2] Oh, Bill, I can't have lost my keys, _____ I ?
A. can
B. have
C. did
[3] He can't be her father, ____he?
A. is
B. isn't
C. can
二.问题引入:
查阅国内的语法资料,可以发现,他们均认为上述的mustn’t, can之类的用法是错误的。
例如:
1. 赵俊英《现代英语语法大全》p1385
[4] They must have stayed at home last night, didn’t they?
2.徐广联《大学英语语法(讲座与测试)》第五版;第二十一讲, 二, (十三)
[5] She must have arrived by air, hasn't she ?
(句中的 must 也是表示猜测,陈述句可改为:I'm sure she has arrived by air.)
[6] You must have read the book last month, didn't you?
(陈述句中出现了具体的过去时间状语,附加疑问句要用过去时)
[7] Jim must have been absent that day, wasn't he ?
[8] The student must be working very hard, isn't he?
(陈述句可改为:I think the student is working very hard.)
3.百度文库:反义疑问句归纳整理 (wenku.baidu.com/view/be265be2f242336c1eb95e9a.html)
若表推测这层含义时,不能用must,而要根据陈述部分的不定式结构(即must之后的动词)以及含义采用相应的动词形式。如:
[9] You must have made a mistake, haven’t you?
[10] He must be in the library, isn’t he?
4.新东方:初中英语语法:反义疑问句的14种常考特殊用法(yingyu.xdf.cn/201905/10919549_2.html)
当must用来表示对现在的情况进行推测时,问句通常要根据must后面的动词采用相应的形式。
[11] He must be good at English, isn’t he?
[12] She must be a good English teacher, isn’t she?
5. 沪江英语:反意疑问句的常见句型
(www.hjenglish.com/juxing/p1220188/)
当must作推测意义“一定是;必定”讲时,反意疑问句则需根据must后的动词原形选用相应的形式。
[13] The kid must go to bed before 10pm, isn't he?
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可是去WordReference Forum去询问母语者,却会得到十分不同的结论,例如:
对于[1]:
(1) Thomas Tompion,英格兰南部
I can't see how the answer can be anything other than A.
(2) dojibear,美国弗雷斯诺州
I think the correct answer is A. Answer C fits a different question: Mr Green was punished for his being rude at the meeting, wasn't he?
对于[2]:
(1) Enquiring Mind,英国或捷克共和国
Can I? I can't ........ , can I?
(2) sdgraham,美国俄勒冈州
The main verb of the statement is "can" so that's what you use.
(3) Parla,美国纽约
Tags can't use what the first part of the question might mean; as Mr Graham says, they have to use what's there.
对于[3] :
(1) Uncle Jack,英国坎布里亚
There might be exceptions, but I cannot think of any. It might be that you cannot have a tag question at all, but when you can I think it is always the modal verb that is used in the tag question. The correct answer is C.
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除此之外,还有很多母语者对于其他类似的问题也发表过类似的看法,例如:
(1) Keith Bradford,Brittany, NW France
"You must have been sad, mustn't you?" is correct - there's no conflict of tenses since "must" is both present and past.
(2) Copyright, 马来西亚槟城
Looking at those, I can see that we use the positive, not negative for the question, so you would expect: You must not have been to that country, must you?
(3) entangledbank, 英国伦敦
(对于You must have seen the film, ______ you?)
I would have said mustn't is the only possibility. There are a small number of problems with tag questions, but this isn't one of them.
上面这些观点无一例外都认为在这种情况下,我们应该用情态动词来构造反意疑问句,而用其他的是没有道理的。
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当然,也有很多母语者表示,在这种情况下,他们一般不会构造反意疑问句,后者听起来有一些奇怪。还有少数欧洲用户也说直觉上感觉用情态动词之后的动词来构成反意疑问句在直觉上听起来是对的(但他们明确说过自己不确定这样是否符合语法),例如:
(1) Cagey, 美国加利福尼亚州
(对于You must have done your homework.)
There is general agreement that 'mustn't you?' is the proper tag question. Several people express doubts about using a tag question after so strong an assertion as 'you must'.
(2) Murphy, 意大利西西里岛
(对于You must have seen the film, ______ you?)
Instinctively, I would have said "haven't you", although I doubt it would be considered grammatically correct. However, I agree with the others; it's a bad question.
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三.结论:
根据这些母语者的看法,我们大致可以得出这样的结论:
对于陈述部分有情态动词表推测的情况,很多母语者认为后面最好不要用反意疑问句,否则听起来很不自然;如果确实要用反意疑问句,一般用陈述部分的情态动词来构造反意疑问句而不是情态动词之后的其他动词。
显然,这一结论和国内多数资料的看法是不同甚至是矛盾的。
此外,[1]原题的答案给的是C(个人认为,就算按照他们的原则,也应该是B而不是C),[3]原题的答案给的是A;而按照上面母语的的意思,[1][2][3]的答案分别应该是AAC。
四.疑问
关于这种情况下反意疑问句的用法,目前我没有在任何国外的权威语法书籍找到支撑上述国内语法资料或者母语者的说法;但是既然国内语法资料和母语者的说法相差如此之大,我想还是有必要在这里向各位老师寻求一个更全面而公正的解答(最好是能够给出国外语法书上比较权威的解读)