A written form is essential for this,so the more possibility of revival has led many speakers of endangered languages to develop system of writing where none existed before.这里为什么不用which do not exist before呢,system of writing不是地点啊
A written form is essential for this, so the more possibility of revival has led many speakers of endangered languages to develop system of writing where none existed before.
【翻译】书写形式对这一点至关重要,因此,文字复兴的可能性越来越大,促使许多濒临灭绝的语言的使用者把以前(此种语言文字)从未存在过的语言体制传承下来。
system of writing 可以看作“广义的地点”,作为定语从句的先行词,关系副词可以用 where 引导。
一般来说,where引导的定语从句其先行词为地点。这个问题不要机械地理解,这里说的“地点”包含着:1. 具体的地点,如place, house;2. 抽象的地点,如position, stage;3. 隐性的地点,如news, words, water, something 等。“书写体系”(system of writing)也可以看作是隐性的地点。如:
1. Pay particular attention to those words where the stress is not on the first syllable. 特别注意那些重音不在第一个音节上的单词。
2. He nodded his head instead of saying anything where his voice might betray him. 他一言不发,只是点头,因为一开口可能会露出破绽。
本句中,anything指说的话,where相当于in which,意为“在这些话当中”。因为人的“声音”是存在于“说的话”中,故把这些话视为“地点”,用where 引导定语从句。
3. Bring a small notebook with you everywhere you go, or something where you can set down your ideas. 不管你去哪里,都随身携带一个小笔记本或者什么东西,你可以(在上面)记下你的想法。
句中的something 相当于写字用的本子或纸张,所以可视为“地点”,后面的定语从句用where引导。
4. I'm about to tell you a story where you can find some clue of the mystery. 我要告诉你一个故事,从中你可以找到一些奥秘的线索。
千万不要认为:定语从句用where引导,其先行词一定是place之类的名词!有些不表示地点的名词,也完全可以使用where引导的定语从句修饰。例如,从先行词从“明显地点”到“模糊地点”。例如:situation, case, point, stage, book, story 等。
举例如下:
Can you think of a situation where this idiom can be used? 你能想出一个使用这个成语的情况吗?
I have heard of a case where a soldier riding a bus did not offer his seat to a woman with a baby. 我听说这样一个情况,有个士兵坐车,一位妇女抱着娃娃他不让座。
Noise is coming to the point where we can't put up with it. 噪音快到我们无法忍受的地步。
The mature trader arrives at a stage where most trading actions have become nearly automatic. 成熟的交易者能达到这个地步,大多数交易行为几乎是自动的。
Your face is like a book where people may read strange matters. 您的脸正像一本书,人们可以从那上面读到奇怪的事情。
story用作定语从句的地点状语,此时关系词用where:
A rags-to-riches story is a story where a very poor person works very hard and, as a result, becomes very rich and successful.
一个白手起家的故事是这样的一个故事,一个很穷的人工作非常努力,因此变得非常富有和成功。
I heard one story where a man had been working as a bonded laborer for 50 years.
我听说过一个故事,一个人干了50年包身工。
Write a short story where the hero is your dad.
写一篇以你父亲为主角的小故事。
I read a story where a yong man died to protect his girlfriend. 我读了一个故事,一个年轻人以死保护他的女朋友。
【说明】以上例句中,story后面的定语从句都用了where,因为关系词在定语从句中作地点状语,或者说,在定语从句中不缺主语或宾语等成分,缺的地点状语。where的含义是:“在这个故事中”。
千万不要认为:定语从句用where 引导,其先行词一定是place 之类的名词!有些不表示地点的名词,也完全可以使用where 引导的定语从句修饰。例如,先行词从“明显地点”到“模糊地点”。例如:situation(情况,情形), case(情况), point(地步), stage(地步), book(书本), story(故事), trick(把戏), play(戏剧), film(电影) 等。举例如下:
Can you think of a situation where this idiom can be used? 你能想出一个使用这个成语的情况吗?
I have heard of a case where a soldier riding a bus did not offer his seat to a woman with a baby. 我听说这样一个情况,有个士兵坐车,一位妇女抱着娃娃他不让座。
Noise is coming to the point where we can't put up with it. 噪音快到我们无法忍受的地步。
The mature trader arrives at a stage where most trading actions have become nearly automatic. 成熟的交易者能达到这个地步,大多数交易行为几乎是自动的。
Your face is like a book where people may read strange matters. 您的脸正像一本书,人们可以从那上面读到奇怪的事情。
This was a film where Spielberg used real actors instead of toys.
在这部电影中,他使用了真正的演员,而不是玩具。
下面,我再用story (“故事”)做一分析。它在使用过程中,能否表示“地点”?回答是Yes。我们举例对比:
【第一组】story用作定语从句的主语或宾语,此时关系词用that或which:
He will tell you a story that might make you shiver.
他要给讲一个也许会使你不寒而栗的故事。
A story that completely involved me for the rest of the evening.
一个让我在那天晚上余下的时间完全沉浸其中的故事。
This is a story that happened in 17th century Europe.
这里要讲一个发生在17世纪欧洲的故事。
He tried to act out a story that he had read.
他尽力生动地复述他读过的故事。
【说明】以上例句中,story后面的定语从句都用了that(which也可),因为关系词在定语从句中作主语(前3句)或者在定语从句中作宾语(最后一句)。
【第二组】story用作定语从句的地点状语,此时关系词用where:
A rags-to-riches story is a story where a very poor person works very hard and, as a result, becomes very rich and successful.
一个白手起家的故事是这样的一个故事,一个很穷的人工作非常努力,因此变得非常富有和成功。
I heard one story where a man had been working as a bonded laborer for 50 years.
我听说过一个故事,一个人干了50年包身工。
Write a short story where the hero is your dad.
写一篇以你父亲为主角的小故事。
I read a story where a yong man died to protect his girlfriend. 我读了一个故事,一个年轻人以死保护他的女朋友。
【说明】以上例句中,story后面的定语从句都用了where,因为关系词在定语从句中作地点状语,或者说,在定语从句中不缺主语或宾语等成分,缺的地点状语。where的含义是:“在这个故事中”。
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