After all, what is the one modern form of expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness? Advertising.
The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.
请问这里in which是什么用法?
a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.
【划线部分的翻译】在这种文化中,快乐不仅是一种理想,而且是一种意识形态。
划线部分是定语从句。which 是关系代词,指代 culture,介词 in 提前。所以,in which 意思是:在这种文化中。
知识拓展:“介词 + 关系代词” 结构
“介词+which”就是把介词提到关系代词 which 之前,它是定语从句中常见的语言现象,也是网友们不易掌握的一个语法项目,问题的关键是这个“介词”较难确定。但它是有规律可循的,有以下几种情况:
1. “介词 + which”可以替代关系副词 when, where, why
(1)替代when
I'll never forget the day on which (=when) my son was born.
我永远忘不了我儿子出生的那一天。(on依据on the day确定)
The year in which (=when) the earthquake happened was 2008.
发生地震的那年是2008年。(in依据in the year确定)
(2) 替代where
This is the office in which (=where) I used to work.这就是我过去工作过的办公室。(in依据in the office确定)
He forgot the exact place in which (=where) he had hidden the jewelry.
他忘记了埋藏珠宝的确切地点。(in依据in the place确定)
(3) 替代why
I'd like you to explain the reason for which (=why) you refused my offer.
我想让你解释一下你拒绝我的帮助的原因。(for依据for the reason确定)
2. 依据与先行词搭配的具体意义确定使用什么介词
I'll never forget the time during which I was with my friends in the country.
我永远不会忘记和朋友们一起在乡村度过的时光。(during依据during the time确定)
I will offer you a better way in which you can do the job.
我要给你提供一个做这项工作较好的办法。(in依据in a better way确定)
3. 依据定语从句中动词或形容词的搭配来确定介词
She bought several clothes, on which she spent all her money.
她买了几件衣服,这些衣服花光了她所有的钱。(on依据spend…on确定)
It is the grammar rules of which I am not sure.
我没有把握的就是语法规则。(of依据be sure of确定)
4. 根据定语从句所表达的具体意思来确定介词
Can you see the river across which there is a bridge?
你能看见上面有座桥的那条河?
He is swimming in the river, on which there is a boat.
他在那条河里游泳,河面上有一只小船。
Here is the river in which I used to swim.
这儿就是我过去常在里面游泳的那条河。
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The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.
分析:句子的主语是The rise,of anti-happy art为后置定语,修饰The rise,tracks谓语动词,宾语A:the emergence,宾语B:a commercial culture。with it中,it指代the emergence of mass media。
in which引导非限制性定语从句,先行词是a commercial culture
翻译:反快乐艺术的兴起几乎完全与大众传媒同步出现。而随着也兴起了一种商业文化,在这种商业文化中,快乐不仅是一种理想,也是一种意识形态。