And all without the government having to spend any money up front.
不懂这句话成分是啥?
And all without the government having to spend any money up front.
1. 这不是完整的句子,或者说省略了成分。
2. all 是代词,后面的 without the government having to spend any money up front ,是 without 复合结构。其构成是:
without + 宾语(the government) + 宾补(现在分词 having to spend any money up front)
3. up front 等于 in advance (预先)
【翻译】所有这些都不需要政府预先花钱。
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