副词 的后面接上 介词,有两类情况。
▲第一类:副词短语和介词短语相互独立,且后者刚好紧接着前者。
1. They watched TV [happily] [until dinner]. 他们愉快地看电视直到吃晚饭。
2. She walked [unsteadily] [to the door]. 她摇摇晃晃地走到门口。
3. You will have to go [home] [after school]. 你放学后必须回家。
4. Is [everything [there]] [under control]? 那里的一切都在控制之中吗?
其中,副词短语和介词短语可以属于同一结构(如前三句),也可以分属不同的结构(如第四句)。
此类情况无讨论价值,不做详细分析。
▲第二类:介词短语和副词短语相互包含,这又分为两种情况:
第一种:介词短语在副词短语内部,充当副词的后置补足语或后置修饰语。
(1) 介词短语充当副词的补足语又分为两种情况。
a. 介词的选择与副词对应的形容词一致:
1. That matter will be considered [separately from the main agenda]. 那件事会与主要议程分别考虑。
2. The two departments work [independently of each other]. 这两个部门独立运作。
3. Chemically arsenic behaves [similarly to phosphate]. 在化学性质上砷和磷差不多。
4. Foreign firms in US markets are treated [equally with their US counterparts]. 外国公司在美国市场的待遇与美国公司相同。
※此外,属于这种情况的搭配还有 clear of、differently from / to、comparably to、identically to、consistently with、simultaneously with 等。
b. 在充当评注性状语的副词短语内,以 for 为中心的介词短语充当补足语:
1. It was late in getting to the station, but [fortunately for me,] the train was also late. 我到站迟了,幸而火车也晚点了。
2. [Luckily for them,] there are plenty of places to look. 幸运的是还有很多地方值得他们关注。
此类副词还有:annoyingly、comfortingly、happily、pleasantly等。
(2) 介词短语充当副词的修饰语,可以表示程度、时间、地点等:
1. They had behaved [badly in the extreme]. 他们表现得极其差。
2. [Later in the day] the situation had improved slightly. 在当天晚些时候,情况略有改善。
3. [Increasingly of late,] the director of research seemed to have mellowed. 近来这位研究部主任似乎越来越老成了。
4. [Downstairs in the kitchen] were several other guests. 其他几个客人在楼下厨房里。
第二种:副词短语在介词短语内部,充当介词的前置修饰语。
(1) 某些介词短语形成了固定结构,可以被程度副词短语修饰:
1. She seemed [completely in control of the situation]. 她似乎完全控制了局势。
2. I feel [very much out of sorts]. 我感觉非常不舒服。
属于这种情况的介词短语还有 in a bad temper、out of order、on top of the world 等。
(2) 表示方向的副词短语可以修饰表示地点的介词短语:
1. [Down under the house] it was cool. 房子下面很凉快。
2. I placed it [up on the shelf]. 我把它放在架子上。
(3) 某些副词只能充当介词短语(或与之对应的副词短语)的前置修饰语:
1. I ran [clear across Alabama]. 我跑步横穿了阿拉巴马州。
2. I'm [right behind you] on this one. 在这件事情上,我完全支持你。
3. He went [straight to the police]. 他直接去找了警察。
(4) 其他副词短语修饰介词的例子,其中副词的选择由语义决定,而非语法决定。
1. The ball had handed [very clearly beyond the base-line]. 球显然发出界了。
2. Turn right [immediately after the church]. 一过教堂就向右拐。
3. They had arrived [shortly after midnight]. 他们刚过午夜就来了。
4. Our inborn reflexes encourage us to begin learning [way before birth]. 早在我们出生之前,先天反射就帮助我们开始学习了。
5. I regard it as [quite obviously beyond his powers]. 我认为这很明显在他的能力范围之内。