下面是2018年高考英语全国卷I的语法填空题,加粗的词是正确的填空词,但问题不在于此,我的疑问是文中的 need run 用于肯定句,need 后接动词原型,这不是情态动词吗?为什么用于肯定句?
According to a review of evidence in a medical journal, runners live three years longer than non-runners. You don’t have to run fast or for long to see the benefit. You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of dying early by running.
You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of dying early by running.
While running regularly can’t make you live forever, the review says it is more effective at lengthening life than walking, cycling or swimming. Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that / which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.
The best exercise is one that you enjoy and will do. But otherwise... it’s probably running. To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to strengthen your leg muscles (肌肉), avoid hills and get good running shoes. Running is cheap, easy and it’s always energetic. If you are time poor, you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports, so perhaps we should all give running / it a try.
你好!的确,肯定句中的need应是行为动词,其后不定应该带to,但为什么这里没有to呢?只因为有这个词:only!
即与only连用,表示“只需要”“需要的只是/有”之意时,是可以不用to的。本句句意是:如果你没有时间,你只需要跑一半的时间就可以得到和其他运动一样的好处。
以下为权威证据:
1.《英语用法指南》第三版P540
This is the only form you need fill in.你需要填的只有这一张表。
2.《牛津实用英语语法》第四版P237
有时,在相当正规的英语中,它(need)也与hardly/scarely或only连用:
You need only touch one of the pictures for all the alarm bells to start ringing.你只需要摸一下其中的一幅画,所有的警铃就都会响起来。
3.《朗文当代英语词典》
BrE used when saying that you only have to do something in order to do something else
We need only look at the building to see how much money it will take to repair.我们只需看看那座建筑物,就知道修理它要花多少钱。
4.《麦克米兰英语词典》
This is the only thing you need do.这是你唯一需要做的事情。
5.《牛津高阶英语词典》
If she wants anything, she need only ask.如果她想要什么,只需要说一声就行了。
在肯定句中可以用 need do sth 吗?
【答】need 作为情态动词,通常只用于否定句和疑问句,不能用于肯定句。
但是,如果肯定句中含有否定副词 hardly, scarcely, never, no 等,或者含有否定、疑问的意味(如:if 是否);如果肯定句是先行词为 all 的定语从句或者是与 if 条件句连用的主句,也可以把 need 作为情态动词使用。例如:
All you need do is ask. [= all you need to do is ask]
你只需要提问。(摘自《韦氏高阶英汉双解词典》p.1387)
You need only look at her [= it is only necessary for you to look at her]
to understand why I fell in love. 你只要看到她就会明白我为什么会爱上她。
(摘自《韦氏高阶英汉双解词典》p.1387)
I hardly need say how much I enjoyed the holiday.
我几乎不需要说我假期玩得多开心。—— 意即“当然玩得很开心。”
He need do it only under these circumstances.
他只有在这些情况之下必须做它 —— 在其他的情况下不须做。
That is all he need know.
他所需要知道的就是那件事 —— 除了那件事之外,他不需要知道其他的事。
He wonders if he need go.
他想知道他是否必须去。
(以上最后四个例句摘自《刘毅英语语法宝典》p.323)
二位老师的解答很精彩。我补充一点。
为什么句子有了only,情态动词need就可以用于肯定句呢?这是因为only隐含否定的意义。如果我们查一下英英词典副词only,就会发现大多数的释义都是否定意义,如not more than, nothing or nobady except等。
再联想否定词项前置导致部分倒装句,为什么only+状语前置也会导致倒装呢?还是同一个道理:only暗示否定意义,只有=没有其它。
这样我们就可以把only+状语前置导致部分倒装和only的使用使得情态动词need可以用于肯定句联系起来了。
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