So, inventors deserve a reward for the amount of time they spend developing their ideas.

【答】for the amount of time 后面跟了一个定语从句，介词词组作 deserve a reward 的原因状语。“因花费这大量的时间而应值得奖励”。

They also need the security of knowing that if they share the invention with the rest of the world, nobody will steal it.

【答】在 that 从句里面，if they share the invention with the rest of the world, 是状语从句，修饰后面的 nobody will steal it，是其“条件状语”。