▲用法归纳
一、without+宾语+现在分词
Without anyone noticing, she slipped through the window. 在没人注意之下,她从窗户溜了进来。(伴随状语)
The battle was over, without a shot being fired. 一枪不发,战争就结束了。(方式状语)
二、without+宾语+过去分词
The conference hurriedly finished without a single agreement reached.会议很快就结束了,没达成任何一个协议。(伴随状语)
三、without+宾语+不定式
It was a poor village, without machinery to do any of the work. 这是个贫穷的村子,没有机械干农活。(伴随)
New theory and improvements on the old idea could not have been expected without
experiments to be developed. 实验不发展,就不可能期望有新理论和对旧观念的完善。(条件)
四、without +宾语+介词短语
No one will believe your assertion without some clear proofs in support of it. 如无确定的证据证实,没有人回相信你的断言。(条件)
五、without+宾语+副词
In the tale “The New Clothes of the Emperor” the Emperor walked in the procession
without anything on. 在童话故事“皇帝的新装”中,皇帝走在队列中,身上一丝不挂。(补充说明)
Without the network on, no information could be gained from Internet. 网络不通,就不可能从因特网上得到任何信息。(原因或条件)
六、without+宾语+形容词
The volume of air varies directly as temperature, without pressure changeful. 在压力不变的情况下,空气体积与温度成正比。(条件)
以下两句是作定语和宾补的情况:
The meeting without any problem solved came to an end. 这个没有解决任何问题的会议结束了。(作定语)
In the dark street, he found a little boy without any clothes on.在漆黑的大街上,他发现了一个小男孩身上没穿衣服。(作宾补)
※“without复合结构”,相比之下在英语中少见一些,一般文章多论及“with复合结构”。你提的这个问题很好,对此问题不能忽视。
介词without与with一样,都可以带“宾语+宾补”构成复合结构,宾补可由形容词、副词、介词短语、分词(短语)、不定式(短语)充当。如:
without anybody stopping them
without any problem solved
without any light on
without John being present
without a day so hot
without 复合结构在句中主要作状语,表示时间、原因、条件、方式、结果以及伴随情况等,也可用作定语或宾补。
▲有时,该结构做何种状语,需要根据句子意思判断,下面两句还可理解为:
The conference hurriedly finished without a single agreement reached.会议很快就结束了,没达成任何一个协议。(结果状语)
It was a poor village, without machinery to do any of the work. 这是个贫穷的村子,没有机械干农活。(条件或原因状语)
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