Some fast-food companies also cannibalised their own profits by trying to give customers better value.
这个句子中的by有什么含义?该如何理解?
by 用于表示手段、方式,意思是“用,靠,通过,凭借”等,by doing sth 意思是“通过做某事”的方式(手段)。如:By using the Internet you can do your shopping from home. 使用因特网你可以在家里购物。(摘自《麦克米伦高阶英汉双解词典》)
by 表方式,by doing sth 意思是“通过做某事”的方式。
这种问题查词典就能解决
4 PREP 通过,凭借(做某事) If you achieve one thing by doing another thing, your action enables you to achieve the first thing.