It is astonishing, the degree to which a high-tech,postmodern society still depends on low-tech, pre-modern labor.
It is astonishing, the degree to which a high-tech,postmodern society still depends on low-tech, pre-modern labor.
名词词组作主语,通常不能外置。但也有少数例外的情况,例如:
It impressed me the way she disarmed him.
It's extraordinary the amount of beer he puts away.
这类名词词组的特征为:the+名词+定语从句。这是一种所谓的“隐匿问句”,隐含着一个问句:how much beer does he put away? how did she disarm him? 与此同时,主句则带有感叹意味:he puts away an extraordinaily large amount of beer / she disarmed his in an impressive way。
这样的名词词组外置的句子也可以改为普通句式:
The way she disarmed him impressed me.
The amouunt of beer he puts away is extraordinary.
网友的句子如果只看主句或名词词组,很像是名词词组作主语外置,但主句后用了逗号,这就不符合外置结构特点,而成了右偏置结构了。因为外置结构在语调上和主句是同一个语调群,在书面语中是不允许用逗号的。
以下为右偏置结构的例句:
I just started reading this biography of Lincoln this morning, and aready I'm up to Chater 5. It's fascinating, this book. (右偏置结构,说话人用了人称代词it之后,意识到前面有二个单数名词biography 和 Chapter 5,于是补充this book, 以明确it 的指代关系。)
I have to take my car in for service again. It's really in bad shape, this car. ( this car 为已知信息,前句已经提及。用有偏置结构再次提及,表示强调。)
名词词组作外置主语与it 作主语的右偏置结构的区别:
1 外置结构中,it 为形式主语,为虚指代词;右偏置结构中,it 为人称代词。
2 外置主语结构中,外置主语与主句为同一个意群和语调群,说话时一气呵成,不停顿,书面语不能用逗号隔开。右偏置结构与偏置的名词词组为不同的意群和语调群,口语中要停顿,书面语用逗号或破折号隔开。
3 外置主语可以是新信息,也可以是已知信息。右偏置结构的偏置名词为已知信息。
4 偏置结构属于口语体,非正式语体。多为说话时的事后补充(afterthought)。外置主语则主要是由于尾重原则,名词+定语从句结构复杂,句子较长而外置(虽然少见)。
因此,网友的这个句子由于使用了逗号,则不能视为外置主语,而应该是右偏置结构。该名词词组应该是已知信息,即前文提及过的内容。如果该句的前文并未提及这个内容,则属于作者错误的使用了逗号,应该删去逗号,使之成为外置主语结构。
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