现在完成时 - 柯帕斯英语网

1 现在完成时

张满胜老师在书中给出这样的例子：

1. John has lived in Pairs . That was ten years ago . He is now living in Beijing .

2. I have been a school teacher

他说道：延续性动词必须有延续性的时间状语才能表示一个延续到现在的动作和状态，但如果没有这个延续性时间状语时，则表示一个在过去已经完成的动作，而没有延续到现在，前半句您在答疑时也有同样的观点，是从动词的体进行地分析（静态动词本身就表示动作的延续或存在的状态，之所以用完成体就是为了表明延续到现在为止，）您随后补充道：否则没有必要使用完成体，但我又看到您讲解完成体时说：

说话人关心时间之前发生并结束的事件；或从过去持续到说话人关心的时间的状态或习惯

那么您说的完成体的俩个特点中的第一个是不是就是张满胜老师要表达的结束意义没有延续到现在？刘老师对没有加持续性时间状语的完成时做了俩个分析：1. 终止了没延续 2. 省略了时间状语，张老师讲的这个用法中的延续性动词是属于终止性还是非终止性的（静态动词不分析），还是这俩种动词都可以用于这种用法，对于持续性动词的具体分类和用法我还是感觉很乱，具体表现为看到动词了，能区分出动态还是静态，接下来结合时态的体时，就感到困难

二：您在谈现在完成时时，提到了现在完成时就是发生在不确切的过去时间中的一个或多个事件，这个定义直接扫清了现在完成时的时间状语的问题，这里的一个事件是语法书里提到的“过去对现在有影响吗？” 能表达一个事件的动词类别有哪些，短暂动词都可以吗？

三：您在解答现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别时说：

持续性动词要表示从过去持续到现在，通常用完成进行体

动态动词的完成时表示事件结束于说话之前，而完成进行时表示持续到说话时，有本质的区别（少数例外）

动态动词的完成时只表事件结束与说话前吗（单一事件vs 延续事件）？不是还有延续到现在的情景吗？

0 条评论
分类：动词用法

最佳答案 2019-06-15 19:18

网友自己先读一下夸克关于现在完成时的论述。如果你仔细体会，我相信能解除你部分疑惑。如果还有疑问，你再追问。

夸克《大全》关于现在完成时的有关论述

The present perfective

The present perfective differs from the simple past in relating a past event / state to a present time orientation.

...

Meanings of the simple present perfective:

(a) STATE LEADING UP TO THE PRESENT 持续到现在的状态
That house has been empty for ages.
Have you known my sister for long?
(b) INDEFINITE EVENT(S) IN A PERIOD LEADING UP TO THE PRESENT 持续到现在的一个时期内的不确切时间的事件（一个或多个）
Have you (ever) been to Florence?
All our children have had measles.
(C) HABIT (ie recurrent event) IN A PERIOD LEADING UP TO THE PRESENT 持续到现在的一个时期内存在的习惯（重复性事件）
Mr Terry has sung in this choir ever since he was a boy.
The province has suffered from disastrous floods throughout its history.

Of these meanings, (a) corresponds to the 'state past' use of the simple past,
but differs from it in specifying that the state continues at least up to the
present moment (cf: That house was empty for ages - but now it's been sold);
(b) corresponds to the 'event past', but differs from it in that the past time in
question is indefinite rather ihan definite (cf: Did you go to Florence (last
summer) ?); (c) corresponds to the 'habitual past', but, as with (a), the period
identified must continue up to the present.

...

Variants of the indefinite past meaning
4.21 In reference to a single event in the past (meaning (b) above), the present
perfective, particularly in BrE, is associated with three implications or
connotations, each of which may or may not be applicable in a given
instance. These implications are (i) that the relevant time zone leads up to
the present; (ii) that the event is recent; and (iii) that the result of the action
still obtains at the present time. The first of these implications is simply a
restatement of what was said about the anterior time zone of the perfective
in 4.18. The point to be made here is that the choice between the present
perfective and the simple past is often determined by whether the speaker
has in mind an implicit time zone which has not yet finished:
Have you seen the Javanese Art Exhibition? [yet]
Did you see the Javanese Art Exhibition? [when it was here]
The first of these implies that the Exhibition is still open; the second that the
Exhibition has finished. From this concern with a period still existing at the
present time, it is only a short step to the second implication often associated
with the present perfective, viz that the event is recent. The simple present
perfective is often used to report a piece of news:
Have you heard/Did you hear the news? The president has resigned.
Because of this connotation of recency, B's reply in the following exchange
must be considered absurdly inappropriate:
A: Has the postman left any letters? B: Yes, he did six months ago.
Since postmen in general deliver letters daily, the implicit time zone in this
case would be no longer than a day.
4.22 The third connotation, that the result of the action still obtains, applies to
dynamic conclusive verbs (cf 4.33-5), ie verbs whose meaning implies the
accomplishment of a change of state:
The apples have all been eaten.
My mother has recovered from her illness.
Have any of the visitors arrived

The resultative connotation means, for example, that [l] implies 'There are
no apples left'; that [2] implies 'My mother is now better'; and that [3] by
implication asks the question 'Are any of the visitors here?'. This connotation
is obviously closely connected with that of recency. Both the resultative and
recency connotations can easily occur without adverbials. They do, however,
underlie the tendency of the present perfective to cooccur with time
adverbials such as recently and just (emphasizing recency), and with time
relationship adverbials such as already and yet (cf 8.72):
The plane has just landed.
I've already told Gillian about the party.
Have the children come home yet?
Significantly, time relationship adverbs such as already and yet can occur
either with resultative verbs and the perfective aspect, as in [5] or [6], or with
stative verbs referring to the results of such actions: eg [5] could be placed
alongside Gillian already knows about the party, and [6] alongside Are the
children home yet?