1.He died with his dream unfulfilled.
2.The street is beautiful,with trees and flowers growing well along it.
3.The child trembled,with hands red with cold.
(1)和(2)中,unfulfilled和growing well 这些能看作后置定语吗?但看着和分词的独立主格用法也很像?
(3)句第二个with指的是child冷,还是hands冷啊?
介词with和without可以后接复合宾语,即宾语+宾补,通常称为with复合结构。with复合结构可以做状语、定语即表语。
在作状语时,with复合结构和独立主格结构作用类似,但不能将with复合结构称为独立主格结构,后者是分词作状语时带了自己的逻辑主语,分词的逻辑主语是由主格名词/代词表示的,所以称为独立主格结构。with复合结构中with后的名词是宾格。将一个宾格结构称为主格结构,那是逻辑混乱的表现。
你的三个句子中作状语的都是with复合结构。with复合结构作状语,可以用逗号,也可以不用逗号。独立主格结构作状语是必须使用逗号的,否则就不是独立结构了。
第三句的cold解释手的颜色因为天冷而发红,即手冻得红了。宾补是解释宾语的。
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with结构的理解
with的理解就是,
它是个“阑尾”,要可以, 不要也行。
有时候,没有这个with, 会觉得句子不平衡,
有时候,有这个with,会觉得多余,做作。
这样说,就像我们写汉语作文时的心情:如何感觉是好?--- 那就看你个人的文采了。
英文的文采除措辞、表达、篇章、哲理等等之外,还有一个结构问题,这也算。
结构上是这样的,
He came in, and a book was in his hand.
1. He came in, a book being in his hand. (这个being明显多余)
2. He came in, a book in his hand. (√)
3. He came in, with a book in his hand. (√)
如果有人感觉得出2不是太爽,就加个with变成3.
2与3的区别,2稍正式,3更趋向口语化一点(实际口语也不太可能出现这种语体)。
比如更正式的,
4. He came in, book in hand.
别问book前为何没有冠词,有些就是要“裸奔”的,如
Boy though he was, he embroiders very well.
I have no such book.
### in hand是固定词组,hand前自然不用冠词。
所以
1. He died with his dream unfulfilled.
它的原始句是:He died, and (或so) his dream was unfulfilled.
也可以是,He died,his dream unfulfilled.
2-3略
补充一句写作:
Sarah sank in the nearest chair. She was completely exhausted, her limbs were stiff with cold,and her mind was a piece of blank
---> Sarah sank in the nearest chair, completely exhausted, her limbs stiff with cold ,and her mind a piece of blank. (注意两个标红的and性质其实不同)
举这个例子的意思是,加 with 是保险的,不加未必能做到恰如其分地好。
再小改一下,把句子弄平衡一点:
With her limbs stiff with cold,(and)her mind a piece of blank, Sarah sank in the nearest chair, completely exhausted.
你的问题:
(1)和(2)中,unfulfilled和growing well 这些能看作后置定语吗?但看着和分词的独立主格用法也很像?
--- 你觉得还要管它们叫什么吗?
含混一点,叫名词后的修饰语吧;准确点,则是“with这个介词的宾语的补足语”
(3)句第二个with指的是child冷,还是hands冷啊?
--- with hands red with cold.
原始句是,and his/her hands were red with cold. 自然是指手被冻红了。