第一个疑问:
A watch was given to me. Some assistance was offered (to) him.
为什么第二个例句to可以省略?
第二个疑问:
A question was asked (of) me.
我这么写对吗?
第三个疑问:The picture was painted by a friend of mine whom I‘d like you to meet sometime.这里whom作为meet的宾语。
(1)关系代词whom先行词是a friend还是mine?
(2)这个与新概念英语第二册第28课头一句:Jasper White is one of those rare people who believes in ancient myths.句型一样。我们怎么判断先行词是哪个呢?
回答你的第一个和第二个问题之前,先普及一下关于双宾语结构基本知识。
1 双宾语结构通常都可以改为单宾语+介词短语作状语结构。通常介词to 表示引出动作的承受者,介词for引出动作的受益者。
2 双宾语结构改为被动语态时,如果用直接宾语作主语,间接宾语作保留宾语,这种被动语态称为第一被动句。如果用间接宾语作主语,直接宾语作保留宾语,则称为第二被动句。例如:
I sent Sue a copy.
Sue was sent a copy. 第一被动句
?A copy was sent Sue. 第二被动句 (美国英语不接受,英国英语仅用于有限场合)
当间接宾语在意义上是动作的承受者时(转换成单宾语结构时,介词用to), 第一被动句在英国英语及美国英语都是正确的。第二被动句在美国英语几乎是不可接受的,在英国英语中,其可接受程度受到一定限制,即仅用于有限的场合。所以,当需要用直接宾语作主语时,应该由单宾语结构改为被动句,即间接宾语由介词to引出。例如:
A copy was sent to Sue. 单宾语被动句 (美国英语、英国英语均正确)
当间接宾语在意义上是动作的受益者时(转换成单宾语结构时,介词用for),第二被动句被认为是错误结构。即使第一被动句的可接受程度也受到质疑。例如:
I ordered Sue a copy.
? Sue was ordered a copy. 第一被动句 (可接受程度受质疑,有人认为可以)
X A copy was ordered Sue. 第二被动句(英国英语及美国英语均不接受)
所以,当间接宾语在意义上为受益者时,安全的方法是由单宾语结构改被动句。例如:
A copy was ordered for Sue. 单宾语被动句
现在回到网友的前二个问题:
A watch was given to me. 这是单宾语被动句,无论在英国英语还是美国英语都是正确的。
Some assistance was offered (to) him. 这个句子如果不用介词to, 则为第二被动句,在美国英语被认为是错误的。即使在英国英语其使用也是有限的(如果有by介词短语表示施事者,则可接受程度增加)。不省略介词,则为单宾语被动句,在英国英语和美国英语都是正确的。
A question was asked of me. 正确 (单宾语被动句)
A question was asked me. 错误 (第二被动句)
介词of不可省略。如果省略介词,则为第二被动句。当介词不是to的时候,第二被动句在英国英语和美国英语都被认为是错误的。
The picture was painted by a friend of mine whom I‘d like you to meet sometime.
先行词为a friend. (mine=my friends, 我想让你见的是我朋友中的一个。).
Jasper White is one of those rare people who believe in ancient myths.
one of the + 复数名词后接定语从句,通常定语从句的先行词为该复数名词,从句谓语应为复数形式。
the (only) one of +复数名词,后接定语从句,则先行词为the one, 定语从句谓语用单数形式。
网友句子中,先行词为 those rare people, 从句谓语应该用复数形式。
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(1) Some assistance was offered (to) him. (by sb)
<----> sb offered some assistance (to) him.
因为原始句里(to)可省略。
(2) A question was asked (of) me. (by him)
to ask questions of someone = to ask someone questions.
He asked a question of me = A question was asked of me.
He asked me a question = I was asked a question.
(3) The picture was painted by a friend of mine whom I'd like you to meet sometime.这里whom作为meet的宾语。
(1)关系代词whom先行词是a friend还是mine?
语义上,动动脑筋想想就很清楚;
结构上,of mine 是修饰语;
故,是a friend
(2)这个与新概念英语第二册第28课头一句:Jasper White is one of those rare people who believes in ancient myths. 句型一样。我们怎么判断先行词是哪个呢?
把先行词放到从句,亘古不变的基本手法。
Jasper White is one of those rare people
those rare people believe in ancient myths