▲在中学英语教学中(以及学生所接触的大部分教辅中),“助动词”和“情态动词”是两个概念,前者是用于构成协助主要动词构成时态、语态、否定式、疑问式等;而后者则用于表示说话人对所说话语的态度和看法,包括can / could, may / might, will / would, shall / should, ought to, need, dare等。
▲但广义地说,情态动词或情态助动词都属于“助动词”。比如《薄冰高级英语语法》认为:助动词可分为“时态助动词”“do助动词”和“情态助动词”三种。
1. 时态助动词(tense auxiliary):主要有be, have, will (would), shall (should)。它们和动词原形与分词一起构成各种时态和语态。如:
Be quiet! The baby is sleeping. 安静,孩子在睡觉。
He fell asleep when he was reading. 他看书时睡着了。
John tells me you will leave tomorrow. 约翰告诉我你明天离开。
He told us he would help us. 他告诉我们他会帮助我们。
The temperature has stayed hot this week. 这星期天气一直很热。
By six o'clock he had worked twelve hours. 到6点钟时他就已工作了12小时。
2. 助动词do (do auxiliary):本身无词义,它仅为无助动词的动词提供助动词,构成疑问结构和否定结构,如:
Which do you prefer, tea or coffee? 茶和咖啡,你喜欢那样?
Do you know what he wants? 你知道他想要什么吗?
I don't know who he is. 我不知道他是谁。
He didn't arrive there until midnight. 直到半夜他才到达那儿。
3. 情态助动词(modal auxiliary):本身有词义,但不完全。它用来表示说话人的方式,表达说话人对谈到的情况所持的态度,如 can / could, may / might, will / would, shall / should, ought to, need, dare等。另外,used to, had better也有一定的情态意义,也可划入情态动词。如:
Everyone here can speak English. 这儿人人会说英语。
He said he could see me next week. 他说他下周能见我。
What can they be doing? 他们会在干什么呢?
I'd like to ask a question if I may. 如果可以的话,我想提个问题。
He may [might] know the answer. 他可能知道答案。
We mustn't think only of ourselves. 我们可不能只考虑自己。
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