to do 和done 的相关疑惑

Increased efforts by green groups ______(educate) the public about the benefits of recycling have also helped.

老师，这边的by，不是表示方式，而是表示这些努力的实施者吧，但是怎么看不到被动的存在？这里的空为什么不可以填educated，表示已经完成的动作，而是to educate呢？

网友为何不仔细考虑，能填 educated 吗？填了它谓语 have helped 怎么办？

Increased efforts by green groups to educate the public about the benefits of recycling have also helped.

1. 观察句子一定要“瞻前顾后，统筹把握”，红色部分是句子的主干：主语+谓语。

2. 介词by 引出动作的施事者，但动作可以省略不说。例如：

a book by John = a book written by John

Increased efforts by green groups =Increased efforts made by green groups

3. to educate ...作定语，修饰efforts。我们常说：make great efforts to do sht. ，其中to do sth. 就是定语。

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justlikeenglis 1秒前

Increased efforts by green groups to educate the public about the benefits of recycling have also helped.

Increased efforts：主语

by green groups：状语

to educate the public about the benefits of recycling：不定式作定语

have aslo helped：谓语

要搞清楚这里的不定式是作定语修饰 efforts 的，为什么用不定式呢，因为不定式可以修饰一些表示方向、原因、机会、时间、权利等抽象名词，例如：effort，chance，ability，opportunity，decision，promise等。

同样的还有，例如：

The government's first effort to privatize a company has been a roaringsuccess.

政府首次实行公司私有化的努力获得了巨大的成功。

而题主的句子里的by指的是 Increased efforts 由 green groups 所做，被动意义已经在这里了。

整个句子的意思是：绿色组织加大力度地教育公共关于循环的好处同样也产生帮助了。