在英语语法网上有两道题,If I ______ that,I shouldn't feel so helpless.
A.kewn B.were to know.
老师说选A. 理由是were to do用于动态动词,像know,be动词这样的静态动词不行.
在该网站上还有一题,If we_______200 years old,we______everything.
A.were to be,could change
B.had been,changed
C.were,would have changed
D.should be, changed.
该题老师选A.学生认为如果前面那道题分析是对的,那么这道题就没有正确答案了。那么老师认为这两题到底选什么并给出理由?请简单说明should,were to do,did对将来虚拟的区别?对现在将来虚拟是将其时间移到过去将来吗,那么可以用would吗?这次问得有点多谢谢老师一一答复,再三感谢!!!
1 首先,纠正网友的一个说法,不能说“对现在、过去、将来虚拟”。在英语语法术语中,虚拟是个名词,表示虚拟语气、虚拟条件句等,用作定语。而不用作动词。我相信网友在语法书上没见过“对现在/将来虚拟”这样的说法。正确的表述应该是:“在if从句中表示与现在/将来事实相反的假设时”。
2 在虚拟条件句中,if从句谓语用过去式,既可以表示与现在事实相反,也可以表示与将来事实相反(或者更准确的说,表示将来不大可能实现的条件)。而were to do和should do则只表示与将来事实相反,不用来表示和现在事实相反。
3 if从句表示与将来事实相反时,过去式、were to do、should do意义接近,区别多是语体上的,而不是意义上的。另外,were to do毕竟来自于be to do表示将来,而be to do表示将来主要表示安排、命令等,故不定式通常为动态动词,但也可以表示某事或某状态注定、必定会在将来发生或出现,故也不能排除静态动词。所以,were to do用作if从句,仍然含有安排、命令、注定等意义,因此也不能排除静态动词如be, know等。should do语体较为正式。过去式则显得非正式一些。
4 所以,过去式和were to do之间的选择,最主要的是判断从句的时间指向是现在还是将来。如果是将来则二者都可以用。如果是现在,则只能用过去式,不能用were to do.
5 现在我们分析网友链接中的以前的问题。
If I _____ that, I shouldn’t feel so helpless.
A. knew B. were to know
由主句的表语so helpless和谓语形式shouldn't be, 可知主句表示的是与我现在的状态想法的假设,即事实是,我现在感觉很无助:I feel so helpless. 主句的内容是建立在一个与事实相反的假设上。我们只需判断事实上我不知道是现在不知道还是将来不知道,导致了 I feel so helpless. 很显然,事实是,I don't know that, so I feel so helpless. 这是陈述语气表示的事实。将这个句子改为虚拟条件句,显然是与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句,从句和主句都是与现在事实相反。与将来没有关系。答案选A。 选B为逻辑错误,而不是因为know是静态动词。
6 were to know用于if从句表示与将来事实相反是完全可以的。此时were to know表示将来必定、注定会知道。以下为COCA有关例句:
If they were to know you're HIV-positive, other clients would be flipping over your bed,
But if they were to know what we do, what would become of the respect?
I thinnk you would become a good serial writer if you were to know just what was required, always remembering that each' to be continued' must mark a holding point in the story.
Karen is ambivalent about introducing her fianc to her parents, since she knows very well that they would not be happy if they were to know that their daughter would not marry a Korean.
7 在该网站上还有一题,If we_______200 years old, we______everything.
A.were to be, could change
B.had been, changed
C.were, would have changed
D.should be, changed.
答案选A。从句意为:如果我们注定能活到200岁(实际不可能)。语料库也有很多if从句用were to be+表语表示将来时间的例句。我就不举例句了。
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