by which 后接不定式的用法疑问

Now that I am older, I believe that is a proper standard by which to judge people, even though I still don't know preciselywhat a "good heart" is.

I believe that is a proper standard by which to judge people，这里介词 by+which 修饰先行词standard，为什么which后面是接 to judge people，而不是接定语从句？

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分类：定语从句

最佳答案 2018-10-21 10:27

Now that I am older, I believe that is a proper standard by which to judge people, even though I still don't know preciselywhat a "good heart" is.

【答】既然我现在已经长大，我相信这就是判断人的正确标准，尽管我仍然不能准确地知道什么是“善良的心”。

【分析】这种现象叫做“定语从句的简化”。即：为求句子简练，把原来的定语从句简化为不定式，但不定式之前是“介词 + which (whom)”的格式。又如：

There are far better standards by which to assess Mourinho. 还有一些更好的标准去评估穆里尼奥的价值。

Once the business is up and running, the plan can then be used as a standard by which to gauge success. 一旦企业上了轨道，这个计划书就可做为判定成功与否的标尺。

You have thereby an excellent standard by which to judge what you meet that is new and modern. 那样，当你遇到当代新问题时，你就有一个良好的判断标准。

Let’s find a passage or opening through which to enter. 我们找一个可以进入的通道或开口吧。

He give me a box in which to keep the toy. 他给了我一个装玩具的盒子。

省略的部分，可以根据句意补充完整。例如：

He gave me a box in which to keep the toy. =

He gave me a box in which I could keep the toy.

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刘永科 - 教育出版集团英语总顾问 & 英语系列图书主编

擅长：语法理论,语言学,文化背景 | 采纳率 86% | 回答于 1秒前

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曹荣禄 1秒前

擅长：动词用法,句法问题

赞同zbr1016网友的分析，并作一些补充说明。

1 这是介词+which+to do结构，是限制性定语从句的一种缩减形式。即省略了定语从句的主语（该主语在主句已经提及或由语境暗示）和情态动词（情态动词后接不带to的不定式，省略情态动词后不定式的to还原）。例如：

I need money with which I can buy a car. 正式语体

省略从句的主语 I 和情态动词 can, 不定式buy加to, 则得到：

I need money with which to buy a car. 正式语体

2 这种形式只用于正式书面语体，不用于口语体或非正式语体。

I need money with which I can buy a car. 正式语体

I need money which I can buy a car with. 非正式语体

省略关系代词which，得到：

I need money I can buy a car with. 非正式

继续省略 I 和 can，不定式加to, 得到：

I need money to buy a car with. 非正式

money作为先行词，定语从句可由关系副词that引导：

I need money that I can buy a car. 非正式

省略关系副词that，I，和can，不定式的to还原，则得到：

I need money to buy a car. 非正式

3 这种缩减的定语从句只能用关系代词which，不可用其它关系代词。

I need someone with whom I can go together. 正式

I need someone who I can go together with. 非正式

省略关系代词who, I, can, 不定式还原to, 缩减为不定式结构：

I need someone to go together with.

但不可以说：

I need someone with whom to go together. (误）

4 介词+which为不定式的状语，介词必须置于which之前，不可以将介词置于不定式之后。

I need money with which to buy a car. (正）

I need money which to buy a car with. (误）

I need money to buy a car with. (正）

I need money to buy a car.（正）

zbr1016. 1秒前

【个人观念】这是介词加关系代词加不定式的用法，有这种用法的，只有一个关系代词which，它的本质是by which做后面不定式的状语。需要说明的一点是，这个介词的位置不能变，不能放到后边。

陈才 - 英语教师 1秒前

擅长：中考英语,词法问题

Now that I am older, I believe that is a proper standard by which to judge people, even though I still don't know preciselywhat a "good heart" is.

介词+关系代词+to do sth属于简化/紧缩定语从句

She must have time in which to grow calm.

Allow me one minute in which to change my clothes.

by which 后接不定式的用法疑问

最佳答案 2018-10-21 10:27

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