2 现在分词能否替代形式主语/宾语it

People stop to share their personal stories of how much it meant to be helped when they were going through a rough time.

 翻译:人们停下来讲述他们的故事,讲述他们遇到困难时受到帮助对他们多么重要。

请问专家老师:

1. 我觉得“how much it meant to be helped when they were going through a rough time”是their personal stories的同位语从句,这样我们可以说“of引导同位语从句”吗?对于本句,of还可以理解为表示“所属关系”吗?

2. 从句中,it 是形式主语,不定式结构“to be helped when they were going through a rough time”是真正的主语。我们也经常见到to do取代it。现在请问老师,是否能用现在分词 “being helped …” 来替代不定式“to be helped”呢?在这个句型中,to do不表示“将要被帮助”而是“已经发生/完成了的的帮助”,是吗?

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最佳答案 2018-02-01 22:54

 

 

从网友的提问可以看出,网友的疑惑或问题是语法概念不够清楚所致,只要修正了这些概念,问题就没有了。

1 同位语指二个名词性结构前后排列,后一个名词对前一个名词起限制或补充说明的作用,二者指的是同一个人或事物,我们将后一个名词称为前一个名词的同位语,二者的关系叫同位关系。同位语是名词性成分,介词短语不能充当同位语。例如,the city of XIAN(西安市)这个名词结构中,Xian是介词of的宾语,介词短语作city的定语,表示同位关系。不能说Xian是同位语。

2 当我们说引导某从句时,这个引导词是从属标记,后接从句,引导词指的是引导各种从句的从属关联词。of是个介词,从来不引导任何从句。of后接名词性结构构成介词短语,主要做定语,偶尔也作表语或状语。

3 不定式作主语时,为了避免句子头重脚轻(主语很长,谓语很短),采用虚指it作形式主语,将不定式至于谓语之后。语法上叫做外置主语(真正主语)。偶尔不用形式主语it,直接用不定式作主语。这时不能说不定式替代了it, 因为不定式直接作主语就不存在it,也不存在所谓替代。如果不定式作外置主语,我们说形式主语it占据主语的位置。

如果不定式作宾语,后面还有宾补,则必须使用it作形式宾语,不定式为外置宾语(真正宾语)至于宾补之后。

4 主语和宾语都是名词的位置,如果不用不定式,而用doing形式,则这个doing是动名词,而不是现在分词。现在分词是不能作主语或宾语的,因为现在分词不具有名词性,这个概念一定要清楚。

5 不定式表示具体一次性事件时,通常表示谓语时间之后的将来时间。但不定式也可以表示没有时间意义的一般情况,并不是绝对的。例如,Seeing is believing. To see is to believe.

It is important to work hard.

6 网友的这个句子中,不定式作外置主语(真正主语),it为形式主语,这样避免了头重脚轻。这个句子不是不可以用动名词作主语,但动名词较少采用外置结构,而是直接作主语,这样就会导致句子头重脚轻。因此,采用了不定式外置,用it作形式主语使得句子结构平衡。

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其它 2 个回答

陈才   - 英语教师
擅长:中考英语,词法问题


People stop to share their personal stories of how much it meant to be helped when they were going through a rough time.

 翻译:人们停下来讲述他们的故事,讲述他们遇到困难时受到帮助对他们多么重要。

句子语法结构解析如下

主语:People

谓语:stop

目的状语:to share their personal stories of how much it meant to be helped when they were going through a rough time

目的状语语法结构解析如下

不定式:to share

不定式逻辑宾语:their personal stories of how much it meant to be helped when they were going through a rough time

不定式逻辑宾语语法解析

名词短语:their personal stories

修饰名词短语后置定语:of how much it meant to be helped when they were going through a rough time

后置定语语法解析如下

介词+宾语从句

介词:of

宾语从句:how much it meant to be helped when they were going through a rugh time

宾语从句语法结构解析如下

形式主语:it

谓语:meant

宾语:how much

真正主语:to be helped(被别人帮助)(不定式被动结构充当)

时间状语:when they were going through a rough time


宾语从句结构换一种方式解析

It meant something to be helped when they were going through a rough time

对划线部分提问就是下面的句子

How much did it mean to be helped when they were going through a rough time

把以上句子用来作动词/介词宾语,就是下面的结构

How much it meant to be helped when they were going through a rought time


请问专家老师:

  1. 我觉得“how much it meant to be helped when they were going through a rough time”是their personal stories的同位语从句,这样我们可以说“of引导同位语从句”吗?对于本句,of还可以理解为表示“所属关系”吗?

解答如下:不是同位语,是后置定语。

2. 从句中,it 是形式主语,不定式结构“to be helped when they were going through a rough time”是真正的主语。我们也经常见到to do取代it。现在请问老师,是否能用现在分词 “being helped …” 来替代不定式“to be helped”呢?在这个句型中,to do不表示“将要被帮助”而是“已经发生/完成了的的帮助”,是吗?

解答如下:

不可以用being helped ,这个结构有2种含义,动名词被动式,现在分词被动结构。(现在分词结构不能作主语)不定式一般式被动表示按照他们的经历设想其他人也遭遇这种经历的一种情景而描述的,复合语境表达。


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刘永科   - 教育出版集团英语总顾问 & 英语系列图书主编
擅长:语法理论,语言学,文化背景


People stop to share their personal stories of how much it meant to be helped when they were going through a rough time.

 翻译:人们停下来讲述他们的故事,讲述他们遇到困难时受到帮助对他们多么重要。

请问专家老师:

1. 我觉得“how much it meant to be helped when they were going through a rough time”是their personal stories的同位语从句,这样我们可以说“of引导同位语从句”吗?对于本句,of还可以理解为表示“所属关系”吗?

2. 从句中,it 是形式主语,不定式结构“to be helped when they were going through a rough time”是真正的主语。我们也经常见到to do取代it。现在请问老师,是否能用现在分词 “being helped …” 来替代不定式“to be helped”呢?在这个句型中,to do不表示“将要被帮助”而是“已经发生/完成了的的帮助”,是吗?

【答】你一共涉及3个问题,逐一解答如下:

1. stories of how much it meant...,  介词of 有10多种意思。除了表示“所属关系”外,还表示“涉及;关于;有关于”,相当于about。

stories of how much it meant = stories about how much it meant

所以,how much it meant to be helped when they were going through a rough time 不是stories 的同位语从句,而是of 的宾语从句。of 引出stories 的内容。

2. 是否能用现在分词 “being helped …” 来替代不定式“to be helped”呢?——网友这个表述不正确。being helped 是动名词,跟不定式一样可以作主语。但说成现在分词就不可以了,现在分词是不能作主语的。你的意思是:动名词being helped 能不能代替 to be helped?一般说来是可以的,但是,如果使用了形式主语it,原则上使用不定式;若不用形式主语it,则直接使用动名词即可。就本句来讲,用了形式主语 it,为何还要用动名词呢?

3. 就本句而言,用to be helped 和to have been helped 都可以,但是,即便不用完成体,也不影响理解句意。to be helped 并不意味着“将来得到帮助”。为了理解,我把原句分离出来,就是:How much did it mean to be helped? 只是表述一种客观现象,不强调是否已经得到了帮助。


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  • 007li 提出于 2018-01-28 00:00

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