动词buy可以接双宾语,buy sb sth. 即及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语。但也可以使用单宾语结构,而将间接宾语用介词for引出。在逻辑上介词for后的名词为间接宾语,但在语法上该名词是介词for的宾语,而介词短语作状语。此时的动词句型为SVOA(主谓动状)句型。而且这个状语是必具性状语,不可省略。如省略的动词的语义发生变化。 现代语法将这种必具性状语称为动词的补足语(complement)。将可有可无,不影响动词语义的介词短语称为状语。传统语法在笼统地称其为状语。如果网友一定要追究这个介词短语是什么状语,可以认为这是对象状语、目的状语或引出间接宾语的状语。这不重要。但不能认为介词短语是间接宾语,这是原则。
同样的道理,give sb sth是双宾语结构,give sth to sb是单宾语+必具性状语结构。这个to sb还是对象状语,引出间接宾语的状语。和buy sb sth,buy sth for sb是一样的句型。give, send, bring等动词的间接宾语带有方向的意味,故改为单宾语结构时间接宾语用介词to引出,含有对象、方向意义。buy, make等动词后的间接宾语由目的的意味,改为单宾语结构时,间接宾语由介词for引出,表示对象、目的意义。句末是信息中心。buy sb sth, 强调sth. buy sth for sb, 强调sb. 所有的双宾语及物动词都可以转换为单宾语+必具性状语结构,网友根据自己想突出的信息决定使用哪种结构。
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I am going to buy a gift for her.
for her 是状语?定语?间接宾语?
同意刘老师和曹老师解答,以上for +her 为介词+宾格代词构成介词短语,作状语成分。介词短语不具备名词语法功能,因此不能作动词宾语。
双宾语及物动词有以下几种情况归纳如下
(1) 双宾语易位时需借助介词to的常用动词
award sb. sth. = award sth. to sb. 颁奖给某人
bring sb. sth. = bring sth. to sb. 把某物带给某人
hand sb. sth. =hand sth. to sb. 把某物递给某人
lend sb. sth. = lend sth. to sb. 把某物借给某人
mail sb. sth. = mail sth. to sb. 把某物寄给某人
offer sb. sth. = offer sth. to sb. 将某物给某人
owe sb. sth. = owe sth. to sb. 欠某人某物
pass sb. sth. = pass sth. to sb. 把某物递给某人
pay sb. sth. = pay sth. to sb. 付给某人某物(钱)
post sb. sth. = post sth. to sb. 把某物寄给某人
read sb. sth. = read sth. to sb. 把某物读给某人听
return sb. sth. = return sth. to sb. 把某物还给某人
send sb. sth. = send sth. to sb. 把某物送给某人
sell sb. sth. = sell sth. to sb. 把某物卖给某人
serve sb. sth. = serve sth. to sb. 拿某物招待某人
show sb. sth. = show sth. to sb. 拿某物给某人看
take sb. sth. = take sth. to sb. 把某物拿给某人
teach sb. sth. = teach sth. to sb. 教某人某物
tell sb. sth. = tell sth. to sb. 告诉某人某情况
throw sb. sth. = throw sth. to sb. 把某物扔给某人
write sb. sth. = write sth. to sb. 给某人写信
(2) 双宾语易位时需借助介词for的常用动词
book sb. sth. = book sth. for sb. 为某人预定某物
buy sb. sth. = buy sth. for sb. 为某人买某物
choose sb. sth. = choose sth. for sb. 为某人选某物
cook sb. sth. = cook sth. for sb. 为某人煮某物
draw sb. sth. = draw sth. for sb. 为某人画某物
fetch sb. sth. = fetch sth. for sb. 为某人去取某物
find sb. sth. = find sth. for sb. 为某人找到某物
fix sb. sth. = fix sth. for sb. 为某人准备某物
get sb. sth. = get sth. for sb. 为某人拿来某物
make sb. sth. = make sth. for sb. 为某人做某物
order sb. sth. = order sth. for sb. 为某人订购某物
pick sb. sth. = pick sth. for sb. 为某人采摘某物
prepare sb. sth. = prepare sth. for sb. 为某人准备某物
save sb. sth. = save sth. for sb. 为某人留某物
sing sb. sth. = sing sth. for sb. 为某人唱某物(歌)
spare sb. sth. = spare sth. for sb. 为某人让出某物
steal sb. sth. = steal sth. for sb. 为某人偷某物
有的动词后接的双宾语易位时,既可用介词to引出间接宾语,也可用介词for引出间接宾语,含义相同,如bring,play等:
Bring me today’s paper. = Bring today’s paper to [for] me.
把今天的报纸拿给我。
He played us the record he had just bought.
= He played the record he had just bought for [to] us.
他放了他刚买的唱片给我们听。
有的动词后接的双宾语易位时,即可用介词to引出间接宾语,也可用介词for引出间接宾语,含义不同,如leave等:
They left me no food. = They left no food for me.
他们没给我留一点食物。
My uncle left me a large fortune.
= My uncle left a large fortune to me.
我叔叔死后留下一大笔财产给我。
而有的动词后接双宾语时,既不能用介词to引出间接宾语,也不能用介词for引出间接宾语,如allow, ask, cause, charge, cost, forgive, refuse等:
He allows his son too much money.
他给他儿子的钱太多。
He asked me some questions.
他问了我一些问题。
This caused me much trouble.
着给我带来了许多麻烦。
He charged me five dollars for a cup of tea.
他一杯茶向我要了5美元。
His mistake cost him his job.
他的错误让他丢了工作。
I envy you your good luck.
我羡慕你的好运。
They forgave him his rudeness.
他们原谅了他的鲁莽。
He refused her nothing.
她要什么就给什么
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for her 作目的状语,意思是“为她”。加了介词后就不能叫“间接宾语”了。
英语句子,同一个意思可以用不同的结构表达。就“我要给她买一件礼物。”这个句子而言,可以有两种翻译:
1. I am going to buy her a gift.
2. I am going to buy a gift for her.
第1句的结构是:
I (主语)am going to buy (谓语)her(间接宾语) a gift(直接宾语).(S+V+IO+DO)
第2句的结构是:
I (主语)am going to buy (谓语)a gift (宾语)for her(目的状语).
(S+V+O+A)
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