1 watch sb do sth不可用于被动语态。sb be watched to do sth为语法错误。
2 watch sb doing sth的被动语态虽然较为少见,但还是允许的。例如以下COCA语料库例句:
Well, we know because she was watched doing it from the time she arrived Monday night to the time she drove from the Elmer's Pancake House to her lawyer's law office that she did much more than know about it.
The second line of defense, since she was watched participating in the cover-up, is the one that was paraded out today, that she did it because of abuse by Jeff Gillooly.
与刘老师讨论
Huddleston的生成语法明确指出,watch sb do sth. 这个结构没有被动语态形式。即sb be watched to do中,to do作为主语补足语这种结构在英语中是不存在的。即watch不可以后接带to的不定式作宾语补足语或主语补足语。刘老师可以试试看能否在语料库中找到相应例句。应该是没有这样的例句的,否则Huddleston不会说得那么绝对。
回复刘老师
watch sb do sth. 其中不带to的不定式是宾补。如果这个结构有被动语态的话,那么sb be watched to do sth中,to do不定式应该是主语补足语,即不定式的动作应该是被动句的主语发出的动作。可是刘老师所举的语料库例句中的不定式都是被动句的目的状语,或不定式作定语,不定式的动作并不是被动句的主语的动作,也就是说不定式不是主语补足语。这些例句虽然都是正确的句子,但他们都不是对应于watch sb do sth的被动语态句子。应该说,watch sb do sth是没有相应的被动语态句子的。
1 2016 MAG ESPN A B C status in question, but captain Steven Stamkos (blood clot) is still being watched to see whether he can return to the lineup in this series.
不定式to see并不是captain Steven Stamkos的动作。不定式为目的状语。其逻辑主语是当初主动语态是句子的主语。这种悬垂修饰语在英语中是可以接受的。
2 1998 MAG GoodHousekeeping A B C school's principal, she says, let the bullies know that they were being watched to make sure they didn't pick on anyone in the future. At the
这个句子的结构与上句类似。to make sure的逻辑主语不是主语they, 而是当初主动句的主语。这个不定式不是主语补足语,而是目的状语。
3 1990 NEWS NYTimes A B C , it partly broke up what it believed to be plans by the groups being watched to smuggle another seven tons of cocaine into the United States. Reflecting in Washington
这个句子中的being watched和不定式碰巧连接在一起了,其实二者没有关系。being watched是现在分词作groups的后置定语,by介词短语作定语修饰动作意义的名词plan, 表示plan的施事者,不定式是plan的定语,表示同位关系。因此,这个句子仍然不是watch sb do sth的被动结构。
Huddleston在The Cambredge Grammar of the English Language一书中十分肯定指出,watch作为sensory perceptive verb无论是主动句还是被动句,都不能与带to的不定式构成链接结构(即后接带to的不定式作宾补或主补)。
补充
The plane was watched to fly into the sky.
They were watched to dance in the open air.
The children must be watched to do exercises.
正如您所说这些句子不足以采信。甚至可以说这些句子都是错误的句子。是中国老师自己随意写出来的句子。对此,我提出如下分析:
感官动词之所以不能后接to do不定式作宾补,是因为to do不定式表示单个事件时通常应该是后于谓语动词时间的,带有不确定的意味。因此to do作宾补的话,主语是无法感知宾补的动作的,因此就出现了逻辑错误。与谓语动作同时的事件由现在分词来作宾补。为了区分完整的动作和动作的片段,就用现在分词表示未结束的动作片段,用不带to的不定式表示与谓语时间同时的完整动作,此时,不带to的不定式表示的是与谓语动词时间同时的确切的动作。Huddleston在其书中也明确指出,感官动词后的不带to的不定式作宾补相当于一般体的事件,即完整的事件(the whole event),现在分词作宾补相当于进行体,即动作的片段、一部分 (a section of the event) 。
see sb do sth和sb be seen to do sth之间意义不尽相同。在主动结构中see主要是感官动词sensory perceptive verb, 但在被动结构中see带有了认知动词(cognitive verb)的意义。因此,Huddleston举出以下两个句子的差别:
They saw him drive. So they decided to go by bus.
这种话中,他们看到了他开车的整个过程,知道他是怎样开车的。因此他们不敢坐他的车,还是坐公交吧。后一句建立在前一句的基础上,符合逻辑。
He was seen to drive. So they decided to go by bus.
这句话中的He was seen to drive近似于He was known to drive. 即see在这里意义上更接近于认知动词,带有心智推理的意味,即人们知道他(会/常)开车。因此,后一句话就让人感觉唐突,与前一句之间没有了逻辑联系。因此这个句子出现逻辑上的问题:因果关系不成立。
feel与see意义最接近,被动语态后接to do不定式多半表示感觉加推测的意义。限于感知并推测自身感觉。
Something was felt to crawl over his leg.
hear只限于瞬间动词,带有推测意义。The door was heard to be locked.
watch则只有感知意义,感知确实发生的事件,没有推测意义,因此不能后接带to的不定式作主补。因为带to的不定式表示后于谓语时间的或不十分确定的事件。
不带to的不定式只能做宾补,不能作主补。因此,watch sb do sth没有被动语态结构。
另外,这几个国内的例句中的被动式谓语都不是进行体,即使按照刘老师的判断标准,它们也都应该是不正确的。
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(1)主动:watch sb/sth doing sth=sb/sth be watched doing sth
They watched a procession filing past.
他们一直看着游行队伍走过。
He stopped to watch us working.
他停下来看我们干活。
We watched the girls going through some of the movements they had just learned.
我们观看了女孩子们练刚学的一些舞步。
I used to sit and watch the boats moving down the river.
我过去常坐着看河里的船只航行。
(2)被动:watch sb/sth being done=sb/sth be watched being done
They watched Brooks being beaten.
=Brooks was watched being beaten.
他们看着布鲁克斯被打败。
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