请教老师文中的for(作为了讲还是对于讲)和rather的具体含意,及四个破折号的作用,非常感谢!
It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us — that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion — that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain — that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom — and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
请教老师文中的for(作为了讲还是对于讲)和rather的具体含意,及四个破折号的作用,非常感谢!
解答:
理解一个句子或句子中某个词的具体含义,有时候必须结合上下文。 下面我结合网友的三个问题,结合原文的上下文,解答如下:
为了更好的理解原句的意思,我将全文附后,网友的句子我用红色字体标明,与这个句子有关的内容我用蓝色字体表明。
1 关于介词for的用法。
这个句子的结构为It is for sb to do sth. 要回答for起什么作用,必须清楚It指的是什么。It是形式主语,还是人称代词?还是强调句型的IT?首先可以排除强调句型,因为后面没有相应的that结构。形式主语it也可以排除,因为如果it是形式主语,那么不定式to be dedicated...就是真正主语,for us, the living就只能做表语。这个句子就不符合逻辑了。因此It只能是人称代词,is为表语,for us the living to be dedicated...是不定式复合结构做表语。这样的话,for的作用就是引出不定式的逻辑主语,不必分析for是“为了”还是“对于。。。来讲”。
那么it作为人称代词指代什么呢?我们只能从前文找线索。我们知道不定式做表语是名词性的表语,与主语是A=B的关系,那么it指代的事物就应该等同于表语不定式。现在我们看原文蓝色部分的句子。我将蓝色字体部分大意整理如下:
我们今天来到这里要把战场的一部分奉献该烈士们作为他们的安息之地。但从更广泛的角度讲,我们不可能奉献,不可能使这块土地神圣化,因为烈士们已经将这块土地神圣化到了一个很高的程度,以致于我们微薄的力量这块土地的神圣没有多少影响。
这段话说明,先烈们已经使这块土地高度神圣化,我们无法使它更加神圣。但我们有我们能够并应该做的事情,这个事情就是it指代的内容。因此It作为人称代词,指代的是What we should/can do.
What we should/can do is for us to be dedicated...
2 rather作为副词,可以修饰形容词或副词,表示程度。也可以修饰动词,表示和前句的否定句形成对比,强调本句动词的肯定性,可以翻译成“相反、而”。例如:
Our aim was not to punish the rich, but rather to bring justice to the poor.
(我们的目的不是要惩罚富人,而是要将公正带给穷人。)
因此本句中rather修饰不定式复合结构,强调不定式表示的这件事正是我们能够以及应该做的事情,与前句的我们不可能使这片土地更加神圣化形成对比。rather翻译成“而”:
而我们所能够做也应该做的是:我们活着的人要献身于。。。
3 关于四个波折号,不同的版本标点符号不同,我看到三个不同的版本有三种不同的标点符号。四个波折号显然是欠妥的。我认为我目前引用的这个版本的标点符号是正确的。
根据《剑桥英语语法》(生成语法)波折号的作用是引出同位语。同位语可以用三种标点符号,即冒号、波折号和逗号。下面我解释下面这个版本的标点符号和that从句。
It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us--(that from these honored dead, we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion);(that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain, that this Nation, under GOD, shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the People by the People and for the People shall not perish from the earth).
我们注意到波折号后有两个that从句由分号连接,分号的作用相当于并列连词,即the great task的同位语从句为波折号后的两个that从句(我用括号括起来)。第二个that从句的谓语动词revolve后接三个并列的宾语从句,revolve意为决心要做某事,宾语从句谓语用shall do的形式,情态动词shall表示说话人的强烈意志。
原文如下:
Fourscore and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth upon this continent a new Nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now, we are engaged in a great Civil War, testing whether that Nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting-place for those who here gave their lives that that Nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.
87年前,我们的先辈们在这个大陆上创立了一个新国家,它孕育于自由之中,奉行一切人生来平等的原则。现在我们正从事一场伟大的内战,以考验这个国家,或者任何一个孕育于自由和奉行上述原则的国家是否能够长久存在下去。我们在这场战争中的一个伟大战场上集会。烈士们为使这个国家能够生存下去而献出了自己的生命,我们来到这里,是要把这个战场的一部分奉献给他们作为最后安息之所。我们这样做是完全应该而且是非常恰当的。
But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us, the living, rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us--that from these honored dead, we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion;that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain, that this Nation, under GOD, shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the People by the People and for the People shall not perish from the earth.
但是,从更广泛的意义上来说,这块土地我们不能够奉献,不能够圣化,不能够神化。那些曾在这里战斗过的勇士们,活着的和去世的,已经把这块土地圣化了,这远不是我们微薄的力量所能增减的。我们今天在这里所说的话,全世界不大会注意,也不会长久地记住,但勇士们在这里所做过的事,全世界却永远不会忘记。毋宁说,倒是我们这些还活着的人,应该在这里把自己奉献于勇士们已经如此崇高地向前推进但尚未完成的事业。倒是我们应该在这里把自己奉献于仍然留在我们面前的伟大任务--我们要从这些光荣的死者身上汲取更多的献身精神,来完成他们已经完全彻底为之献身的事业;我们要在这里下定最大的决心,不让这些死者白白牺牲;我们要使国家在上帝福佑下得到自由的新生,要使这个民有、民治、民享的政府永世长存。
Abraham Lincoln 亚伯拉罕·林肯
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