The philosophers have noted that food is the first necessity of people, a belief that we Chinese have held ever since.
如何理解逗号后面一个单独的名词跟一个that从句?它是一个名词引导的状语?
The philosophers have noted that food is the first necessity of people, a belief that we Chinese have held ever since.
这句话等于:
The philosophers have noted that food is the first necessity of people, which is a belief that we Chinese have held ever since.
这样就是一个非限制性定语从句,补充修饰前面that从句的内容。which的先行项为划线部分。生成语法将非限制性定语从句一律称为补充语分句(supplement clause)即关系分句作补充语。which的先行项可以是一个名词,也可以是前面的分句或分句的一部分。
生成语法将逗号后的一个名词+定语从句也分析为补充语,对前面的一个名词(此时传统语法称为同位语)或分句或分句的一部分作补充性说明(此时传统语法很难说是什么成分)。
因此,a belief that we Chinese have held ever since.可以根据生成语法分析为名词短语作补充语,补充说明that从句的内容。也可以根据传统语法,认为是省略了成分的非限制性定语从句,先行项为that从句。(这种分析有些勉强,因为将一个名词短语分析成了定语从句。)
还有一种偏置结构:
Your daughter, she is very beautiful. 左偏置结构。
She is very beautiful, your daughter. 右偏置结构。
这种结构是解释句子人称代词所指不明确,而补充说明。
但我们讨论的句子中,主句部分意义很明确。似乎不应归为偏置结构。
回复刘老师
当然按同位语理解最简单。但通常为一个名词后接同位语从句(限制或非限制性)。几乎没有语法书反过来说,即前面的一个句子的内容概括为一个名词,将这个名词称为同位语。
继续讨论
1维基百科对同位结构(apposition)和同位语(appositive)的定义如下:
Apposition is a grammatical construction in which two elements, normally noun phrases, are placed side by side, with one element serving to identify the other in a different way; the two elements are said to be in apposition. One of the elements is called the appositive, although its identification requires consideration of how the elements are used in a sentence.
For example, in the two sentences below, the phrases Alice Smith and my sister are in apposition, with the appositive identified with italics:
My sister, Alice Smith, likes jelly beans.
Alice Smith, my sister, likes jelly beans.
2 生成语法则认为,补充语(supplement)为确认性名词时则称为同位语(appositive).一个名词和其同位语构成同位结构(apposition). 同位语可以取代名词,或者二者互换位置,句子的意义不变。例如:
Tom is my brother.
My brother is Tom.
这是确认性表语。
Tom, my brother, will come tomorrow.My brother为同位语。
My brother,Tom, will come tomorrow. Tom为同位语
Tom will come tomorrow.
My brother will come tomorrow.
Tom is a student.
以上四句表达的逻辑意义一样。因此Tom和My brother是同位关系。如果二者前后排列,后者是前者的同位语。
Tom is a student.
不能说 A student is Tom.
a studen不是确认性名词,而是归属性名词。
Tom,a student, will come tomorrow. a student为补充语(supplement),不是同位语。
A student will come tomorrow.
以上二句表示的逻辑意义不同。因此Tom和a student不是同位关系。
3 传统语法对同位语的定义没有这么严格,认为归属性和确认性名词都可以是同位语。
因此,在传统语法体系内称a belief+that从句为同位语也能讲得通,只是没有见过这么分析的先例。只见过将从句分析为名词的同位语,没见到将名词分析为分句的同位语。如果有先例的话,这种分析是最简洁明了的。
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The philosophers have noted that food is the first necessity of people, a belief that we Chinese have held ever since.
如何理解逗号后面一个单独的名词跟一个that 从句?它是一个名词引导的状语?
【翻译】哲学家们指出,食物是人类的首要需求,这是我们中国人一直以来持有的观点。
a belief 是that food is the first necessity of people 的同位语。同位语是指两个事物之间的一种关系。一般而言,这两个概念应该是“互为同位语”。因此,that food is the first necessity of people 也叫belief 的同位语从句。
此外,belief 之后跟了一个that 引导的定语从句,关系代词that 作held 的宾语。
曹老师:我觉得,这个句子根本不是“偏置结构”,更不必分析为定语从句,那样,就把简单的事情变得繁琐了。如果理解为非限制性定语从句,后面再跟一个定语从句,就把句子变复杂了,不符合交际的基本原则。
that food is the first necessity of people,which is a belief,随便添加成分更不符合分析原则。其实“同位语”的关系就是“主表”的关系:My friend Tom is coming. MY friend is Tom.
理解为同位语最简单,最实用。
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