判断下列句子的正误。如果错误,请改正。
1 How hard did she try!
2 He pointed out that not once had she complained.
3 Not long afterwards, did he move to Bonn.
4 Only two of them he found useful.
5 Only a few days later, did he move to Bonn.
6 So wet had been the pitch that they'd abandoned play.
谢谢曹老师出题,试答如下,错误之处请曹老师和各位专家指正:
1. How hard did she try!
正确。在 how 和 what 引导的感叹句里可以用倒装语序,但属相当老式的用法。
2. He pointed out that not once had she complained.
正确。not once 属表否定意义的副词,用于句首(分句句首),其后用倒装。
3. Not long afterwards, did he move to Bonn.
错误。Not long afterwards 虽然含有 not,但意思上并不表示否定。
改正:Not long afterwards, he moved to Bonn.
4. Only two of them he found useful.
正确。only 修饰宾语时若位于句首,其后的句子可以倒装也可以不倒装。
5. Only a few days later, did he move to Bonn.
错误。only 后面虽然接是状语,但它并不具有排他性,故其后不用倒装。
改正:Only a few days later, he moved to Bonn.
本观点引自陈根花老师的以下文章:
http://www.yygrammar.com/Article/201305/3222.html
6. So wet had been the pitch that they'd abandoned play.
错误。been 不能提前。
改正:将 been 放在 the pitch 后面。
8月17日更新:关于有助动词情况的完全倒装,是我弄错了,很抱歉。
完全倒装应当是把主语放到所有动词的后面。
关于主语为人称代词时不能用完全倒装,其实这是一个成分相对长度(“重量”)的问题。参见p.1383中的[2i]。
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8月18日更新:关于only前置到底能不能不倒装,我在COCA语料库中简单统计了一下。
在书面语中,以句首Only then为关键词检索,取前100条结果分别判断,发现98句部分倒装,1句不倒装,1句与所讨论结构无关。不倒装的语料如下:
So, using a similar setup, the researchers played calls from a bat buddy until the listening bat stopped responding, having become habituated to that call. Only then they played either a call from the same buddy, other buddies, or a stranger.
在口语中,按相同方式检索,仅得36条结果,分别判断发现其中34句倒装,2句不倒装:
Only then, in a surprise 11th-hour move, the government offered to drop 287 of those counts against Drogoul, and as part of the deal have him tell his story to them in private.
Only then the money will help.
两者中的比例都很低,所以The Cambridge Grammar说倒装是obligatory是合适的。另一方面,两者比例差异具有显著统计意义(p=0.045),所以口语中不倒装的比例应当是高于书面语中的。
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英语有两种“倒装结构”,俗语所谓“部分倒装”和“完全倒装”,语言学中称作“主语—助动词倒装”和“主语—附属语倒装”。
对于谓语含有助动词的情况,这两种倒装没有区别,都是把特定成分提前,然后把主语放到第一个助动词的后面。你的句2、句6就是这种情况,但是句6主语位置放错了,放在had的后面而非been的后面。
对于谓语不含助动词的情况,部分倒装要用do-support结构,即前置成分 + do/does/did + 主语 + 动词原形,例如你的句1、3、5。
那么对于句1-5,应该用部分倒装还是完全倒装呢?JXW168老师认为只有表达否定意义的状语提前,才能部分倒装,这种说法不够全面。查询语料库可发现,下列状语不表达否定意义,但提前时仍然使用部分倒装:
Thus did my career as an author come to an end. (Thus:就这样)
Well did I remember the crisis of emotion into which he was plunged that night. (The Cambridge Grammar p.96)
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关于部分倒装和完全倒装的用法区别,我个人归纳如下:部分倒装是用来起强调作用的,而完全倒装是用来引导思维方向、起承上启下作用的。
因此使用完全倒装时,前置的状语一般是介词短语或方位副词:
Up goes the balloon.
Here comes the bus.
On the desk in my room is a computer.
但同时也可是上文中提到的人或物,承上启下:
The jacket is made of ...... . Complementing the jacket is the cap, ......
She's a nice woman, isn't she? Also a nice woman is our next guest.(The Cambridge Grammar p.1385)
句3一般不倒装,但是如果一定要倒装,其中的not long afterwards可以理解为一种承上启下,用完全倒装。The Cambridge Grammar中有一个这样的例句:
On Saturday they received an astonishing fourteen credit offers in the mail. Three days later came another eight offers.
但是对于句4,only two of them中的only起强调作用,所以如果倒装必须是部分倒装:Only two of them did he find useful. (但是不倒装也是正确的)
句1是正确的,how hard放在句首表示强调,但是这种倒装用法趋于减少。
句5不应该倒装,这句话是The Cambridge Grammar p.96专门讨论的内容。我想你可能是没弄清句4和句5的结构。这里有一个only意义范围的问题。only如果表达“仅仅……就”,就不能倒装:句5表达的是“仅仅两天后”,所以不倒装;句4表达的是“他觉得有用的只有两个”,所以倒装。