“We should start back,” Gared urged as the woods began to grow dark around them.
老师,urge是及物动词吗,像say,shout,call……人说话的部分前置(是宾语部分),主语+say ,shout urge..(谓语是只有及物动词)才能引出说话人说的话,是这样吗?
对于英语的初级学习者,把引语理解为引话动词的宾语是可以的。
(但是注意"Your father has arrived," Sue told him这种结构,因此很多引话动词实际上是双宾语结构,引语是它的直接宾语。)
但是对于高级学习者,应当知道它和一般的宾语有很多不同。
第一,大多数情况下,直接引语不能紧跟在动词的后面,两者之间必须要有逗号或冒号,而一般的宾语不需要:
正确:Gared urged, "We should start back."
错误:Gared urged "We should start back."
第二,直接引语经常前置,而这对于一般的宾语而言是非常罕见的
正确:"We should start back," Gared urged.
错误:A book, Gared bought.
第三,引语与动词之间可以插入状语,但是一般的宾语(至少是简短的宾语)必须紧跟在动词后面:
正确:Gared urged loudly that they should start back.
错误:Gared bought immediately the book.
正确:Gared shouted at them, "We should start back."
错误:Gared returned to them the book.
第四,有很多动词,虽然可以用直接引语或间接引语作宾语,但是不能用一般的名词词组作宾语,名词词组的前面必须要有特定的介词:
直接引语:Gared argued, "We should start back."
间接引语:Gared argued that they should start back.
非引语(错误):Gared argued a return.
非引语(正确):Gared argued for a return.
那么引语在句法中的地位究竟是什么呢?The Cambridge Grammar的观点是把它分析为一类与宾语、表语并列的动词补足成分,而不划入其中任何一类。(pp.1017-1022)