网友对that引导的定语从句和that引导的名词性从句的区分不是很清楚。我帮你分析一下这两种从句的构成。
He lost his bike. He bought the bike last week. 这是两个陈述句。两个句子中的bike是同一辆车子。现在我要将二个句子合并为一个句子:我去掉第二个句子中的the bike, 第二个句子的谓语bought就缺少了宾语,然后我用关系代词that代替the bike, 将that置于第二个句子之首,就得到了that he bought lask week. 这时可以很清楚的看出that是bought的宾语。这就是一个定语从句的结构。接下来我分析这个定语从句的作用是限制第一句中的his bike的所指范围,属于限制性定语,不需要逗号,我就直接将定语从句紧接his bike, 得到了下面这个句子:He lost his bike (that) he bought last week. 关系代词that在意义上指代的是主句中的名词his bike,同时又在定语从句中作动词bought的宾语。限制性定语从句使先行词的所指明确化。这就是定语从句的构成以及关系代词的作用,即关系代词在意义上指代先行词,同时又要在从句中作名词性的成分(主语、宾语或表语)。关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时,非正式语体可以省略关系代词。
下面看看that引导名词性从句的结构。
He lost his bike last week. 这是一个结构完整的陈述句。我在一个结构完整的陈述句前加上一个没有词义也不作句子成分的从属连词that,得到了:that he lost his bike last week这样一个结构,这就是that引导的名词性从句。that是个从属标记,有了that,这个从句就不能独立成句了,变成了一个名词性的造句成分。我们可以用这个结构作主语、宾语、表语或同位语。例如:
That he lost his bike last week is true. It is true (that) he lost his bike last week. 主语从句
I know (that) he lost his bike last week. 宾语从句
The fact is (that) he lost his bike last week. 表语从句
I know the fact that he lost his bike last week. 同位语从句
that从句作主语位于句首时以及同位语从句的that不可以省略。其它情况下的that在非正式语体都可以省略。
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▲ 要想搞清楚这个问题,首先要知道:定语从句与同位语从句的区别。
that 引导定语从句时,在从句中作主语或宾语,指物时还可以用which 代替,并且在从句作宾语时常常省略;然而,在同位语从句中that仅起连接作用,不充当任何成分,并且不能省略,也不能用which 来代替。请比较:
The order that we should send a few people to help the other groups was received yesterday. 我们昨天收到了应派几个人去帮其他小组的命令。
(同位语从句,是对order 的具体解释,that 虽不作成分,但不能省略)
The order that we received yesterday was that we should send a few people to help the other groups.我们昨天收到的命令是我们应派几个人去帮助其他小组。
(定语从句,是名词order 的修饰语,that 在从句中作received 的宾语,可以省略)
▲ 关于It was a sign that the child was growing up. 这个句子,sign 表示“迹象”,that the child was growing up 是它的同位语从句,that 只起引导作用,the child was growing up 句子完整,不缺成分。所以把它认定为sign 的同位语从句。
句意是:
“这是孩子成长的迹象。”比方说,因身体长得太快,有缺钙等症状。
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