我想问一下各位老师:我在百度百科上看到的双谓语结构的介绍,是不及物动词加形容词,名词、介词短语、分词这些的。比如 I stand frozen 这样的。但是我觉得双谓语结构是否可以拓展到不及物动词加不定式,比如我平时见到的两个句子:
I live to regret it.
这里翻译应该是:我后悔地活着。
根据百度百科的定义:双谓语结果是即表示动作,又表示状态,这里我活着是动作,后悔是我的一种状态。
还有:I cry myself to sleep.
这个句子 myself 作状语,cry 是动作,to sleep 表示状态,哭着入睡可以吗?
百度百科双重谓语上说:
在英语中,有时某些实意动词可兼作系动词,在句中具有既表行为又表状态的双重作用。这种有双重作用的谓语称之为双重谓语(Double Predicate)。双重谓语的基本形式是:行为动词+表语(说明主语从事该行为时所处的状态),用作双重谓语的动词多为那些表示位置移动变化的行为动词。如:return,leave, go,come,arrive,start等。其具体的结构形式主要有以下几种:
1.动词+形容词
She lay there motionless.(=She was motionless when she lay there.)她躺在那儿一动不动。
2.动词+名词
She left a shy girl and returned a young mother.(=She was a shy girl when she left and a young mother when she returned.)她离开时还是一个害羞的女孩,回来时却是一位年轻的母亲。
3.动词+介词短语
He ran into the room out of breath.(=He was out of breath when he ran into the room.)他冲进房间时已是上气不接下气。
4.动词+分词(短语)
(1)They lay there chatting.(=They were chatting when they lay there.)他们躺在那里聊天。
(2)He came home exhausted.(=He was exhausted when he came home.)他回家时已是筋疲力尽。
5.动词+what从句
He returned home what he had always been.(= He was what he had always been when he returned home.)回家时,他还是老样子。
以上是从百度百科节录的内容。我个人认为百度百科双重谓语的说法欠妥,原因有二:
1 英语谓语只能由动词充当。上述五种形式中的所谓双重谓语中只有一个动词,并没有二个动词,不能称作双重谓语。否则会给英语学习者一个错觉,以为谓语可以没有动词。这是有害的。维基百科在解释复合谓语(complex predicate)举例为:stirfry, kickstart, go crashing等都是实意动词和实意动词构成的。
2 百度中所谓双重谓语中的实意动词只表示行为,并不表示状态。状态或身份是其后的形容词或名词表示的。动词本身并没有兼系词。所以我不建议英语学习者采纳双重谓语这一不准确的术语。
上述五种形式中的形容词、名词、介词短语、分词或what从句的确表示谓语动作时主语所呈现的状态或身份(名词)。传统语法多认为是形容词或名词等作状语(伴随、方式等。如薄冰、张道真)。现代语法则认为是主语补足语(表语仅仅是主语补足语中的一种)。我个人认为主语补足语更好,更能自圆其说。现代语法关于主语补足语的论述,可参读张满胜“新东方英语语法新思维—句子成分精解”。讲得非常好。百度搜索可免费阅读。
你的例句I live to regret it.可能来自下句:
The decision could be one he lives to regret.(词典例句)
Regret是静态动词表示状态,说明谓语动词live的伴随状态,符合百度所谓双重谓语的标准。恭喜你给百度双重谓语又提供了一种形式。但live to regret it翻译成“对此后悔终生”更合原意。=I regret while I live (remain alive).
但live后接不定式更多的是表示目的或结果,应该视为状语。如:
She lived to see her first grandchild.(remained alive)(结果)
He lived to be 120 years old. (结果)
He lives to fight for another day. (目的)
I hope to live (long enough) to see my grandchildren grow up. (目的)
Cry oneself to sleep = cry until one has fallen asleep.一直哭到睡着。
此时的sleep应为名词,to是介词。字面的意思是把自己哭到某处去了。引申的意思为哭的动作的终止时间。故to sleep应为cry的时间状语(终止时间),类似于till的作用。
Sleep并非cry的伴随状态,与前述的所谓双重谓语是完全不同的结构,不能混为一谈。
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我想问一下各位老师:我在百度百科上看到的双谓语结构的介绍,是不及物动词加形容词,名词、介词短语、分词这些的。比如 I stand frozen 这样的。但是我觉得双谓语结构是否可以拓展到不及物动词加不定式,比如我平时见到的两个句子:
I live to regret it.
这里翻译应该是:我后悔地活着。
根据百度百科的定义:双谓语结果是即表示动作,又表示状态,这里我活着是动作,后悔是我的一种状态。
还有:I cry myself to sleep.
这个句子 myself 作状语,cry 是动作,to sleep 表示状态,哭着入睡可以吗?
双重谓语结构,即形容词表示主语在做谓语这个动作所处的一种状态。
例如:He died young=He was young when he died
I stand frozen
=I was frozen when I stand
双重谓语结构语法探讨
在英语中,有时某些实意动词可兼作系动词,在句中具有既表行为又表状态的双重作用。这种有双重作用的谓语我们称之为双重谓语(Double Predicate)。由于这种双重谓语有其自身的特点,与系表谓语又有所区别,学习时应特别注意。
【一】双重谓语的形式与特点:
双重谓语的基本形式是:行为动词+表语(说明主语从事该行为时所处的状态),用作双重谓语的动词多为那些表示位置移动变化的行为动词。如:return,leave, go,come,arrive,start等。其具体的结构形式主要有以下几种:
【1】动词+形容词
He left this morning very gay.
=He was very gay when he left this morning.上午离开时,他很开心。
She lay there motionless.
=She was motionless when she lay there.她躺在那儿一动不动。
【2】动词+名词
She left a shy girl and returned a young mother.
=She was a shy girl when she left and a young mother when she returned.
她离开时还是一个害羞的女孩,回来时却是一位年轻的母亲。
He lived a hero and died a martyr.
=He was a hero when he lived and a martyr when he died.
他生前是英雄,死后为烈士。
【3】动词+介词短语
He died in despair.
=He was in despair when he died.
他死时非常绝望。
He left in tears.
=He was in tears when he left.
他离开时眼含泪水。
He ran into the room out of breath.
=He was out of breath when he ran into the room.
他冲进房间时已是上气不接下气。
【4】动词+分词(短语)
They lay there chatting.
=They were chatting when they lay there.
他们躺在那里聊天。
He wandered wondering.
=He was wondering when he wandered.
漫步时,他在冥思。
He came home exhausted.
=He was exhausted when he came home.
他回家时已是筋疲力尽。
【5】动词+what从句
He returned home what he had always been.
= He was what he had always been when he returned home.
回家时,他还是老样子。
双重谓语结构很少有否定形式,但偶尔也出现否定形式。这时,要特别注意否定的形式在前,意义在后,即否定后移现象。
She didn't arrive accompanied by her daughter.
=She was not accompanied by her daughter when she arrived.
她抵达时不是由她的女儿陪同。
He didn't pass noticed.(=When he passed he was not noticed.)他路过时没人注意。
【二】双重谓语与系表谓语的区别:
双重谓语与系表谓语就形式看,有时非常相似,但其意义和用法是不同的。学习时,切不可混淆。为便于区别,笔者从以下几个方面加以简析和说明。
【1】通过去掉其表语来判断是双重谓语还是系表谓语。因为,如果把双重谓语中的表语去掉,该动词仍然保留其原意;但如果把系表谓语中的表语去掉,该动词的意义就会有所变化。
试比较:
He stood there silent.他静静地站在那儿。
He stood firm.他立场坚定。
如将例(1)中的表语silent去掉,变成He stood there.,很显然句中的谓语动词stood仍然保留其原意,故该句中的谓语结构为双重谓语;如将例(2)中的firm去掉,变成He stood.,显然句中谓语动词的意义与原句不同,故该句中的谓语属系表谓语。
【2】.通过变更谓语动词来判断是双重谓语还是系表谓语。因为,在系表谓语中,如果将其动词换成另一个动词,句子的意思不会受太大影响;而在双重谓语中,如果将动词换成另一个动词,句子的意思就会有所不同。
如将将句子“He went away disheartened.”中的动词改成came back时,显然该句的意思发生了变化,故该句的谓语属双重谓语。
【3】就其结构看,双重谓语动词后常常出现一些用来表示地点或方向的小品副词。如:about,back,up, down,away,here或there等;而系表谓语动词后一般没有这类副词。
He came back tired.(双重谓语)
The screw came loose.(系表谓语)
【4】系表谓语可用于表让步或原因的倒装结构中,而双重谓语则不能。
我们可以说:Angry as he was,I persuaded him to remain silent.
但不能说:Angry as he came,I persuaded him to re- main silent.
而只能说:Although he came angry,I persuaded him to remain silent.
或者说:Angry as he was when he came,I persuaded him to remain silent.
【5】含系表谓语的句子可有一般疑问句、特殊疑问句和感叹句形式,而含双重谓语的句子只有一般疑问句形式。
我们可以将含有系表谓语的句子“He turned poor.”变成:
(1)一般疑问句:Did he turn poor?
(2)特殊疑问句:What/How did he turn?
(3)感叹句:How poor he turned!
但是,像“He died poor.”这样含双重谓语的句子就只能有一般疑问句的形式,即:
Did he die poor?
如要表达特殊疑问和感叹的意思也只能通过以下方式来表达。如:
What was he like when he died?
How poor he was when he died!
【6】双重谓语动词除了live和die外,一般不能接表永久性状态或性格的表语。
我们可以说:He was kind.,但不能说:He went away kind.。
无动词分句语法探究
无动词分句(VERBLESS CLAUSE)是一种省略了主语和谓语动词的分句结构。这种结构通常出现在句首,也可出现在其他位置。它的被省略的主语通常也就是主句的主语;被省略的动词通常是连系动词be,因此无动词分句就其深层结构来说大多属于SVC句型。
Close to the urban areas,this farm mainly does market gardening.
由于靠近市区,这个农场主要生产商品蔬菜。
A science reporter,Jim has a wide range of knowledge.
吉姆是一位科学新闻记者,所以知识面广。
在这里,Close to the urban areas=As it is close to the urban areas;A science reporter=As he is a science reporter,都是一种省略结构。
【一】无动词分句的类型
无动词分句,就其结构形式来说,分为以下三类:
【1】不带从属连词的无动词分句
这类无动词分句通常只由形容词词组或名词词组构成。
Speechless,Henry nodded and sat on a folding seat.
亨利一言不发,点点头,坐在折椅上。
Anxious for a quick decision,the chairman called for a vote.
主席急于迅速作出决定,便提交表决。
True or not,the report provided new ammunition for his enemies.
不管是真是假,这个报告都为他的敌人们提供了新的炮弹。
An excellent speaker,he was never at a loss for a word.
作为一位卓越的演讲家,他从来不会无话可说。
【2】带从属连词的无动词分句能引导无动词分句的从属连词有:when(ever),while,wherever,whether…or,although,though,as if,even if,once,unless,until,however,no matter what等
When still a boy of six,Bob was sent away from home.
当鲍还是个六龄儿童的时候,就被打发出门。
Although a physicist by training,he became a great statesman.
他虽是物理学家出身,却成为伟大的政治家。
Whether right or wrong,he always comes off worst in an argument.
不管有理无理,他在辩论中总是受挫。
You should not drink very cold water while hot from work.
因劳动而浑身发热的时候你不应该喝凉水。
这类无动词分句还可以是“从属连词+介词词组”,或者“从属连词+副词词组”。
When in Rome,do as the Romans do.入乡随俗。
He spoke ungraciously if not rudely.
他讲话的口气尽管不算粗鲁却也没有礼貌。
Judges however wise or eminent,are human and can make mistakes.
法官们尽管聪明睿智,毕竟是人,还是可能出错的。
【3】带有自身主语的无动词分句
以上两类无动词分句均以主句主语作为自己的逻辑主语,从而不须表示出来。带主语的无动词分句便成为一种所谓的“独立结构”。
Two hundred people died in the accident,many of them children.
两百人在事故中丧生,其中大多数是儿童。
Miriam looked at Harry,his eyes full of doubt and discomfort.
He looked up,annoyance on his face.
他抬起头来,面有愠色。
Breakfast over he went to his counting house.
早餐后,他走进会计室。
带主语的无动词分句有时并不与主句的主语发生关系,而是与宾语发生关系。
She talked about her friends,all of them television stars.
她谈论她的朋友们,尽是些电视明星。
I don't wish to describe his assertions,some of them offensive.
我不愿细谈他的主张,有些主张令人反感。
【二】无动词分句的句法功能
无动词分句在句中主要作状语和名词修饰语,相当于状语分句和关系分句,无动词分句作状语无动词分句的主要功能是起各种状语分句的作用.
【1】表示原因:
A man of integrity,he would keep his word,I am certain.
他是一位正直的人,我肯定他会信守诺言。
The men stared at the floor,too nervous to reply.
他们太紧张了,呆呆地看着地板,无言以对。
【2】表示条件:
Once conscious of an infringement of his rights,he always protested to the manager.
一旦感到他的权利受到侵犯,他总是要向经理提出抗议。
It has little taste unless hot.
除非烧热,这东西几乎没有什么味道。
【3】表示让步:
Though alone,he was not lost.
尽管孤独,他并无失落感。
His salary was good,if not up to his expectations.
他的薪水不低,尽管没有达到他期望的水平。
【4】表示时间:
You must eat it when fresh.
Ripe(=When ripe),these apples are sweet.
当这些苹果成熟时,味甜。
【5】表示地点:
Wherever possible,all moving parts should be tested.
所有可以移动的部件都应尽可能加以检验。
The cardboard is light-proof where thick.
这种纸板在较厚的部位上是不透光的。
【6】表示行为方式或伴随状况:
There he stood,a tray in each hand.
他站在那里,一手端着一个盘子。
Stone-faced,the captain ordered to reduce speed.
船长脸色严峻,下令减速。
【7】无动词分句作 名词修饰语
无动词分句作名词修饰语是对所修饰的名词词组作一些补充说明。在作这种用法时,无动词分句相当于一个非限制性关系分句。例如:
The castle,now empty,was allowed to fall into ruin.
那城堡,如今四壁萧然,早已被人遗弃,任其坍圮。
His hands,numb from the cold,could not find the key.
他的手冻僵了,摸不到钥匙。
在上述第一例中,now empty=which is now empty;
第二例中,numb from the cold=which were numb from the cold.可是,这类结构到底是无动词分句还是形容词词组似乎并无绝对界限,然而在用作状语的情况下,无动词分句和形容词词组或名词词组是截然有别的。
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