Genes are the instructions ______ which parents’ characteristics are passed on to their children.
所给答案是 by,但为什么不是 for, on, in 等介词呢?
此句之所以用介词by,与其前的名词instruction(指令)有关,根据生物学知识,父母的特征是通过基因遗传给自己的孩子的,句中的 by which 指的是“通过这些指令”(注意which指代的先行词是instructions)。句子大意为:
Genes are the instructions by which parents’ characteristics arepassed on to their children. 基因是一系列遗传指令,父母的特征通过它们遗传给自己的子女。