半元音(semivowel)是指介于元音跟辅音之间的音,其特点为语音学上指擦音中气流较弱,摩擦较小.
48个国际音标详细讲解
第一总结:语音知识
【一】,什么是音素:音素是语音的最小单位.
【二】,音素的分类:元音和辅音.
【三】,音素的个数:共计48个;其中元音20个;辅音28个
【四】,什么是音标:记录音素的符号叫音标.
【五】,什么是国际音标:国际音标是由国际语音协会规定的一套音标,用来记录全世界各主要语言的语音.
【六】,开音节:(1)辅音+元音+辅音+e 例如:name;bike;home;plane
(2)辅音+元音 例如: he;go;do;be;tree;three;hello
【七】,闭音节(1)辅音+元音+辅音
例如:sit ; bed ; bad; hot;cup;let;map
(2)元音+辅音 例如:it;is;in;up;of;
【八】,重读音节:单词中发音特别响亮的音节.
【九】,元音的定义:发音时声带振动,呼出气流通过口腔没有形成阻碍,这样形成语音称之为元音.
【十】,无论声带是否振动,发音时呼出气流通过通过口腔或鼻腔受到一定阻碍,这样形成语音叫做辅音;发音时声带振动称为浊辅音;发音时声带不振动称为清辅音
【十一】元音发音部分:
(1)单元音:[ i:] [ i ] [ ɔ:] [ ɔ]
前元音:[i:] [i] [ e ] [ æ] [ u: ] [ u ] [ ə:] [ ə ]
中元音:[ʌ] [ə:] [ ə ] [ ɑ:] [ ʌ ] [ e ] [ æ]
后元音:[ ɑ:] [ u:] [ u ] [ɔ:] [ɔ]
(2)双元音:[ei]、[ai]、[ɔi]、[ɛə]、[uə]、[iə]、[au]、[əu]
【十二】辅音发音部分辅音音标28个
辅音(又叫子音):不论声带振动与否,发声时呼出的气流通过口腔或鼻腔时受到一定阻碍,
这样的语音称为辅音。辅音发音不响亮,口腔中气流受到阻碍,不是构成音节的主要音。
英语中有28个辅音。共48个音素。
清辅音:[p] [t] [k] [f] [s] [θ] [∫] [ t∫] [tr] [ts]
浊辅音:[b] [d] [g] [v] [z] [ð] [з] [dз] [dr] [dz]
鼻音: [m] [n] [ŋ]
摩擦音: [h] [r]
舌头侧音:[l]
半元音 [j] [w]
【十三】发音方法
(1)清辅音:(发音时候声带不震动;有气无声)
[p] [t] [k] [f] [ ∫ ] [s] [θ] [ts] [tr] [t∫]
(2)浊辅音:(发音时候声带震动;有声无气)
[b] [d] [g] [v] [ з] [z] [ð] [dz] [dr] [dз]
(3) 爆破音:
[p] [t] [k] (清辅音)(气流从口腔冲出,送气有力 )
[b] [d] [g] (浊辅音)(气流从口腔冲出,送气有力 )
(4)摩擦音:
[f] [s] [ ∫ ] [θ] [ h] (清辅音)
[v] [z] [з] [ð] [ r ] (浊辅音)
(摩擦音:气流发发音器官的缝隙,发生磨擦而发出的音 )
(5)破擦音:
[ t∫ ] [tr] [ts] (清辅音)
[dз ] [dr] [dz] (浊辅音)
(破擦音为:爆破音和磨擦音的结合发出的音)
(6)鼻辅音:
[m] [n] [ŋ](气流从鼻腔通过 )
(7)舌侧音:
[l] (气流从舌的两旁空隙处流过 :也叫旁流音)
(8)半元音:
[w] [j] ((这两个也属磨擦音) 像元音一样,气流直接从口腔通过,但又像辅音一样,气流通过时与发音器官稍有磨擦 )
【十四】记忆方法
(1)10对清浊辅音
(2)3个鼻音 [m] [n] [ ŋ]
(3)3个似拼音 [ h] [r] [ l ]
(4)2个半元音 [ j ] [w]
(1)清辅音发音单词举例
[k] keep ,bank ;
[f] face free
[s] sit ,say ;
[θ]: think nothing
[∫] shirt ,action;
[t∫] China, such ,match
[tr] tree ,try
[ts] cats ,lots
[p] park ;pack
[t]: tea; talk
(2) 浊辅音发音单词举例
[b] be , baby ;
[d] dog, dad ;
[g] bag , go ;
[v] give , above;
[з] pleasure, measure
[z] zoo , amaze;
[ð] father, together ;
[dz] beds, birds ;
[dr] address , draw
[dз] object, age ;
[r]red,reach
(3)鼻辅音发音单词举例
[m] map , me ;
[n] win , thin ;
[ŋ] thing , think , thank
(4)舌侧音发音单词举例
[l] let ,lead ;
(5)半元音发音单词举例
[w] wedding , water, weather ;
[j] yes, yesterday year, yacht
【十五】元音发音的单词
(1)单元音:前元音:
[ i:] :eat , feel ,clean, easy, green, leave, sweet, street (发音技巧:嘴唇微微张开,舌尖抵下齿,嘴角向两边张开,露出微笑的表情,与字母E 的发音相同)
[ i ]:oil, it ,ink, ill, busy, middle, will, pretty , sister
(发音技巧:嘴唇微微张开,舌尖抵下齿,舌前部抬高,嘴型扁平)
[e] :tell , bread, guess, dress, yellow, bread, best, many
(发音技巧:嘴型扁平,舌尖抵下齿,舌前部稍抬起)
[æ]:cat, bad ,black ,map, black, cat, family, happy, rabbit
(发音技巧:嘴张大,嘴角尽量拉向两边,成扁平形,舌尖抵下齿)
[ i:]
A friend in need is a friend indeed
(患难之交见真情)
Learn to creep before you leap
(先学爬,后学走,循序渐进)
[ i ] Work will not kill a man ,worry will
(工作不会伤害人,但是忧愁会)
It is an ill wind that blows nobody any good
(无论怎样恶风,也不会吹的人人都不舒服,害此利彼)
[e]
Empty vessels make the greatest sound
(满壶水不响,空壶响叮当)
East or west , home is the best
(金窝,银窝,不如自家草窝)
[æ] Practice makes perfect (熟能生巧)Handsome is as handsome does(行为美才是真正的美)儿歌欣赏One ,two ,three I love coffee And billy loves tea How good you be ; one, two ;three ; I love coffee , and bill love tea中元音:
[ʌ] bus , sunny,cup ,brother, mother, supper, trouble, worry , lack
(发音技巧:嘴唇微微张开,伸向两边,舌后部稍稍抬起)
[ə:] girl, service ,work ,learn, bird, word, nurse, worm, burn(发音技巧:嘴形扁平,上下齿微开舍身平放,舌中部稍抬起,)
[ə] color , after ,America, better, never, player, nature, weather
(发音技巧:嘴唇微微张开,舌身平放,舌中部稍微抬起,口腔自然放松发声)
[ʌ] Don’t trouble trouble until trouble troubles you (不要自找麻烦)Well begun is half done (良好的开端是成功的一半)
[ə:] It’s the early bird that catches the worms
(早起的鸟儿先得食)
[ə] Better later than never (迟做比不做好)儿歌欣赏 Jingle BellsJingles bells! Jingles bells ! Jingles all the way , oh , what fun it is to ride in a one-horsee open sleigh儿歌欣赏 Mary had a little lampMary had a little lamp , Its fleece was as white as snow , and everywhere that mary went , the lamb was sure to go , it followed her to school one day , that as against the rule, it made the children laught and play to see a lamp at school
后元音:
[ɑ:] car , hard, card, last, dark, park, start, laugh,
(发音技巧:口腔打开,嘴张大,舌身放平,舌尖不抵下齿,下巴放低,放松发音,)
[u:] cool , who, moon , school, tooth, blue, move, fruit,
(发音技巧:嘴形小而圆,微微外突)
[u] book, put ,cook, good, look, foot, push
(发音技巧:嘴唇张开,略向前突出,嘴唇稍微收圆并放松些舌头后缩
[ɔ:] all , also , door, forty, house, walk, warm, daughter
(发音技巧:双唇收的小而圆,并向前突出,舌身往后缩)
[ɔ] hot , oil, hot , watch, strong, cough, sorry , body
(发音技巧:口腔打开,嘴张大)
[ɑ:] He who laughs last laughs best.
(谁笑的最后谁笑得最好。)
[u:] Changes like this happen once in a blue moon
(机不可失,失不再来)A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush (一鸟在手,胜似二鸟在林)
[u] A good beginning makes a good ending
(善始者善终)
[ɔ:] you can take a horse to water, but you can’t make him drink(牛不喝水,强按头)
[ɔ] A little pot is soon hot
(壶小易热,量小易怒)双元音:
(2) [ei]: face , save ,safe,eight, late, cake, make, train, rainy ;(发音技巧:又e 由I 两个单音组成 前重读,后轻读,口形由半开到合)
(3) [ai]:China,Chinese ,bike, fine, kite, sky, fly, try , time(发音技巧:又[a] 由[ i ]两个单音组成 前重读,后轻读,口形由开到合 与字母I 发音相同)
(4) [ɔi]:voice , choice , noise, voice, enjoy, toy, join, coin(发音技巧:又[ɔ] 由[ i ]两个单音组成 前重读,后轻读,口形由开到合)
(5) [εə] :chair , careful , air ;care, bear, pear, hair, there, chair(发音技巧:又[e] 由[ə]两个单音组成 前重读,后轻读,舌端抵下齿,双唇半开)
(6) [uə]:poor , tour , cure , pure, sure, usual , January, February(发音技巧:又[u] 由[ə]两个单音组成 前重读,后轻读,嘴唇由收圆到半开)
(7) [iə]:ear , hear, here ,near, clear, hear, beer , appear(发音技巧:又[i] 由[ə]两个单音组成 前重读,后轻读,双唇始终半开)
(8) [au]:hour ,about , flower, brown, house, flower, clown, ground, proud(发音技巧:又[a] 由[ u]两个单音组成 前重读,后轻读,,口形由大变小;)
(9) [əu];both, old, open ,cold, grow, home, nose, road (发音技巧:又[ə] 由[ u]两个单音组成 前重读,后轻读,发音是一个过程,口形由半开到合;与字母O 发音相同)
[ei] A penny saved is a penny gained (省下一便士等于收入已便士,节约一文是一文)Hate makes water (匆匆忙忙,反误时间)
[ai] strike while the iron is hot (趁热打铁)Time and tide wait for no man (岁月不等人)
[ɔi] one for sorrow, two for joy, three for a girl, four for boy(一表示悲伤, 二表示欢乐,三代表女孩,四代表男孩)
[εə] Where there is a will, there is a way (有志者事竟成)
[uə] He is as poor as a church mouse (他一贫如洗)
[iə] Little pitchers have ears (小孩子耳朵灵)
[au] out of sight, out of mind (眼不见,心不烦)March wind and April snow bring May flower (三月的风,四月雪迎来五月的鲜花)
[əu] little strokes fell great oak (锲而不舍,金石可钕)
【二】辅音发音的单词
(1)清辅音发音单词举例
[k]: keep ,bank ;cock; kick ; kiss [f]: face , free ,knife ; fish ; full
[s] :sit ,say ; six
[θ]: think ,nothing, thank , think , tooth ;
[∫] :shirt ,action, surely , sugar , shake ,sheet
[t∫] :China, such ,match , chair ; Church
[tr] :tree ,try, tree, trousers
[ts]: cats ,lots; [p]: park ;pack ; pork; pole
[t]: tea; talk; kite; night; foot ;
(2) 浊辅音发音单词举例
[b] :be , baby ; boss
[d]: dog, dad ;
[g] :bag , go ;
[v] :give , above
[з] :pleasure, measure
[z]: zoo ,amaze;
[ð]: father, together
[dz] :beds, birds ;
[dr] :address, draw
[ dз] :object, judge
[r]:red , reach
(3)鼻辅音发音单词举例
[m]: map , me ;
[n]: win , thin ;
[ŋ]: thing , think , thank
(4)舌侧音发音单词举例
[l] :let ,lead ;
(5)半元音发音单词举例
[w]: wedding , water, weather
[j]: yes, yesterday year, yacht
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