"Given all of these exceptions that Donald Trump represents, he may well shatter patterns of history that have held for more than 150 years, lose this election even if the historical circumstances favor it," Lichtman said. 想问其中lose this election even if the historical circumstances favor it 这句话是不是有倒装? 意思是不是even if the historical circumstances favor to lose this election? 如果是倒装的话,还想请问lose原形可以放在句首吗?不是应该to lose或者losing吗?
"Given all of these exceptions that Donald Trump represents, he may well shatter patterns of history that have held for more than 150 years, lose this election even if the historical circumstances favor it," Lichtman said.
【翻译】“鉴于唐纳德·特朗普指出的所有这些例外情况,他很有可能打破历史上已经存在了150多年的模式,不过,即便历史条件对此有利,他也会输掉这次选举,”李奇曼说。
【分析】lose this election不是倒装,而是谓语的一部分,跟shatter patterns of history是并列关系。不过似乎缺少了一个连词but。具体分析如下:
1. Given all of these exceptions that Donald Trump represents:过去分词短语作条件状语。意为“考虑到,鉴于”。
2. shatter...和lose...并列。
3. that have held for more than 150 years:定语从句,修饰patterns of history。
4. even if the historical circumstances favor it:让步状语从句,修饰lose this election。
【回复王老师】
把过去分词变来的given 视为介词,未尚不可。因为英语中确实存在着一些由分词变来的介词或连词,叫“介词用法”或“连词用法”更确切。不过,这样又徒增了一个词性。其实叫什么名字并不重要,关键是了解语言的原本。如果按照词典的定义把given 视作介词,那么就会顾此失彼,下面的given则是连词用法,因为后面跟的是句子:
Given that he supports us, we'll win the election. 如果他支持我们,我们就会赢得选举。
Given that he was still a boy, I forgave him. 考虑到他还是个孩子,我就原谅他了。
Given that we were robbed, we could dial 110. 当被抢劫的时候,我们可以拨110。
即便把given 视为介词用法,下面的这个given 则是十分牵强的:
Given enough care, the young trees can grow better. 如果给予足够的关心,这些小树苗会长得更好。
的确,有些分词在使用中习惯上跟一句子,现在已演变为连词的用法,后接从句,表示原因、条件等。
Seeing (that) the weather was not fine,we stayed at home. 由于天气不好,我们就待在家里了。
Considering (that) he has only just started,he knows quite a lot about it. 鉴于他才刚刚开始,他懂的已经不少了。
Supposing (that) you are wrong, what will you do? 假设你错了,那你会怎么办?
We'll buy everything you produce, providing (that) the price is right. 倘若价格合适,我们将采购你们的全部产品。
以此类推,其他感知类动词也都可这样用,如:knowing, realizing, finding, thinking, believing 等。不过,这样延伸下去,其他动词的分词形式可不可以叫做介词或连词呢?
【再复王老师】
1. 如果继续讨论given的问题,就越来越离题了,因为网友的问题与此无关。
2. 关于given的词性问题,实在没有必要再讨论,词性是一个单词在句中用法的体现。
3. 我对这个问题的看法,就是我上次回复您的第一段:把过去分词变来的given 视为介词,未尚不可。因为英语中确实存在着一些由分词变来的介词或连词,叫“介词用法”或“连词用法”更确切。不过,这样又徒增了一个词性。其实叫什么名字并不重要,关键是了解语言的原本。如果按照词典的定义把given 视作介词,那么就会顾此失彼,下面的given则是连词用法,因为后面跟的是句子。
没有其他意思。到此为止!
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同意刘老师的解答,我仅提出一点补充:
根据现代英语语法,given
在这里应该是介词,不是过去分词。英语中有些形同过去分词,现在分词的词在现代英语的应用中已经转变词性,如转变为介词,连词等,很多字典都有解释。以下是Collins
Dictionary的几个例句:
1. Given the uncertainty over Leigh's future I was left with little other choice. 句中Given为介词
2. He was arrested following a tip-off. 句中following为介词
3. Provided they are fit I see no reason why they shouldn't go on playing for another four or five years. 句中provided 为连词
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首先,刘老师和汝老师的分析和解释都很有道理,也很深入,这里我补充说一下我个人的观点,供大家参考,如果有不妥当之处,还望指正。谢谢!
关于given 这一词到底是什么词性,到底该怎么使用,应该根据具体的语境和该词才句子所表现出来语义来具体分析后得出。
【1】given adj. 特定的;指定的(形容词用法)
A:前置(定语)形容词:特定的,指定的,规定的
The work must be done within the given time.
这个工作必须在规定的时间内完成。
They were to meet at a given time and place.
他们要在规定的时间和地点会晤。
You have to finish the work within the given time.
你们必须在规定时间内完成这项工作。
B 后置(定语)形容词 : 赠送的, 给予的,赠予的
The book given to him is an English book.
给予他的是一本英语书.
He's given to drinking rather heavily.
他沉溺于酗酒中。
C.表语形容词: 有…癖好; 倾向于,沉溺的
She's given to depression.
她有消沉的倾向。
Children are given to asking question.
孩子们喜欢问问题。
He is given to boasting .
他 喜欢吹牛
Over a given period, the value of shares will rise and fall.
股票的价值在某一特定的时期内会有涨跌
【2】given prep. 鉴于; 考虑到(介词用法)
Given his age, he did it quite well.
考虑到他的年龄,他做得相当好。
Given their inexperience, they've done their best.
考虑到他们缺乏经验,他们已经尽力了
Given the present conditions,I think she's done rather well.
考虑到目前的条件,我认为她已做得相当出色
【3】given pp.过去分词用法
Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.
=(If the trees had been) given more attention, they could have grown better.
如果给予这些更多注意,它们会生长的更好些.
【4】given that 考虑到;鉴于在有……的情况下;如果有……;假定……;
A:当作复合连词来理解
Given that we do not have complete information about animal detection capabilities, we can only guess as to what the animals are actually sensing.
鉴于我们对动物的察觉能力没能完整的资料,对动物真正感觉到什么我们只有推测
B:当作介词given+that宾语从句来理解
Given that they're inexperienced, they've done a good job.
在缺乏经验的情况下, 他们的工作已经算是做得相当不错了.
【5】given n.不争的事实, 已知的事实
it is taken as a given
这事被视为是已知事实
类似以上结构用法还有seeing that ; provided that ; providing that
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