一般来说,by 表示“被”主要用于被动语态引出动作执行者。如:
He was swallowed by a whale. 他被一条鲸鱼吞噬了。
A lot of houses were damaged by the flood. 洪水毁坏了许多房屋。
Three-quarters of the world’s surface is covered by water. 地球表面四分之三被水覆盖。
Our company is managed by the son of the founder. 我们公司由创办人之子经营管理。
但是,看到这样一句,句子不是被动语态,但句子中的 by 好像也是表示“被”:
The pianist played a piece by Chopin. 钢琴家演奏了一曲肖邦的作品。
请老师归纳一下这样的用法,万分感谢!
by 用于被动语态引出动作执行者,这是大家比较熟悉的用法,不再举例。至于 by 不用于被动语态,它也可以表示“被”,这主要见于以下两种情况:
◎一是可以视为省略了过去分词,比如你的句子:
The pianist played a piece (composed) by Chopin. 钢琴家演奏了一曲肖邦的作品。
又如:
He has a daughter (borne) by his late wife. 他有一个女儿,是已故妻子所生。
It is (painted) by one of our most celebrated painters. 这是我们最出名画家之一的作品。
The next item in the programme is a song (sung) by Miss Joan Smith. 节目单上的下一个节目是琼·史密斯小姐演唱的歌。
◎二是其前面的词或短语隐含被动意义。如:
The plan is under consideration by the Ministry of Education. 教育部正在研究这个方案。(under consideration=被研究,被考虑)
Acceptance by their peer group is important to most youngsters. 被同辈所接纳,对大多数年轻人来说是很重要的。(acceptance=被接受)
▲顺便说一句,即使是用于被动语态之后,by 也不一定就是表示“被”,这要视具体的语境来定。比如下面的句子,by 短语是表示方式的:
The examination is conducted by the oral method. 考试以口试方式进行。
The question was decided by referendum. 这个问题通过全民公决得到了解决。
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