▲句子共有三个动词：

accelerated: 过去分词

were required: 主句谓语（被动语态）

could be translated: 从句谓语（被动语态）

▲accelerated during two world wars 为过去分词短语，作定语，修饰efforts。

▲全句结构为：

主句：Prodigious efforts, accelerated during two world wars, were required

从句：before the technology of primitive rocketry could be translated into the reality of sophisticated astronauts.

▲句子大意：在初级火箭技术被转化为复杂的宇航装置之前，人类付出了极大的努力，这种努力在两次世界大战中加速了进程。