down 是副词,首先副词是可用作后置定语修饰名词的。如:
the animals down 下面的动物
the valley down 下面的山谷
不过你说的 from the waist down 中的 down 虽然是副词,但它在这里不是作定语修饰 the waist,因为分析为定语的话,意思就是“下面的腰”,其实这里的 from the waist down 是指“腰部以下”。如:
The accident left her paralyzed from the waist down. 事故后她腰部以下瘫痪了。
感觉这里的 from the waist down 可以视为一个整体,作状语,表示位置。它确实与 from...to…有相似之处。比如:
The dotted line on the map shows the path that goes from the church down to the river. 地图上的虚线指示从教堂到河边的路。
比较:
Everyone, from the Director down to the secretaries, was questioned by the police. 每个人,上至主管下至秘书,都受到了警方的盘问。
Everyone, from the Director down, was questioned by the police. 每个人,主管级别以下的所有人都受到了警方的盘问。