1) Before he entered the institute, Jim had served in the army.
2) Before he had entered the institute, Jim served in the army.
有人认为第1, 2句意义相同,但是,第二句从句中使用过去完成体的语义逻辑是什么?
3) We had not thought of the solution until they gave us some hints.
4) We didn't think of the solution until they gave us some hints.
第3句的主句为何使用过去完成体?一般的逻辑可能是:先给暗示,后想出。第3句和第4句是否有语义差异?
5) In 1960, l'd never been to Harbin.
如何正确理解句意?还有类似例句的权威解释吗?
麻烦各位老师了,十分感谢。
简要说说,需要自己研究体会!
分析1,2句需要再加个0句对比看:
0) Before he entered the institute, Jim served in the army.
0句和1句的意思几乎没有差别,细微的差别在于1句的时间先后顺序非常清晰,哪是then,哪是before then很清楚,仅此而已。
第2句的意思是He had not (yet) entered the institute when he served in the army.至于说在服役之后是否会entered the institute从这句话中看不出来,可能会可能不会,不会的可能大点。而第一句却很明显的表明服役之后entered the institute会发生。Quirk把这种before从句中用过去完成时的用法说成nonfactual(第1020页),可以类比条件句中的过去完成用法,而Declerck的观点和Quirk的差不多。剑桥语法也解释过这种,它是从动词的体出发来解释的,可以看看。以上分析纯属语法分析,在实际的语境中差异很小。第3,4句我写过一个文章,你在论坛上搜一下看看,好理解。
第5句是个经常被人拿出来讨论的例子,错误倒没有,原句出自章振邦的那本书。其实也很简单,过去完成时有一个现在完成时没有的用法,就是可以直接接具体的过去时间点。只是这一句被单独拎出来又没有语境就觉得有点突兀。可以在句尾加一个before,这样表达清楚点!举几个例子:
6)In 1960 I had never been on a yacht before and I loved every minute of it.
7)Back in 1966, I had never been surprised in my life, but the staff at Providence Hospital really surprised me.
8)Just six years ago, in 1970, I had never been inside a casino in my life.