总的来说,无论不定式,分词还是动名词作定语它们的作用都相当于一个定语从句的功能。但不能说都是定语从句的简化形式。具体讲,现在分词定语大多可以转化为定语从句,但是( 1) T here be + 主语 + 现在分词短语的结构通常不能转换成定语从句。(有人认为种分词短语是作定语.) 如 :I'm afraid there's some trouble brewing. 恐怕有麻烦事要发生。
There's something coming to him. 有事情要发生在他身上。
( 2) 有一些固定的现在分词表达形式
不可转换成定语从句。 如 :
This is the best television going. 这是现有的最好的电视。
500 dollars will do for the time being.
目前 500 元暂时够用。
On the day following he left for London.
第 2 天他启程赴伦敦。
It's been raining for three days running.
已经连续下了三天雨。
有些形容词化的分词如interesting/interested, boring/bored等作定语时和做表语一样表示主语的特征,性质,而不表示动作,这些分词有时候在语法上修辞上不宜转换为定语从句,否则句子会变得繁琐,佶屈聱牙,不如原句简洁明了。Daniel was a man who was pleasing with manners that were pleasing. 不好。改为:Daniel was a pleasing man with pleasing manners. 再如It was such a meeting that bored everybody that many fell asleep. 不好,应该为:It was such a boring meeting that many fell asleep.
另外,也不是所有定语从句都可以转换为分词定语。在CGEL中,夸克认为,当名词中心词确指时,ing分词的完成体不能做名词的后置修饰语。当中心词为非确指时,完成体就比较可被人接受。再有,他还认为作名词后置修饰语的ing 分句不是关系分句的省略,而是不同动词体的中和。即体的区别已消失。下面一句中的-ing分句,writing reports 可以根据语境可以理解为相当于第二句中任何一个关系分句 The person writing reports is my colleague. The person who will write/will be writing/writes/is writing/wrote/was writing reports is my colleague.
不定式后置定语原则上也是能被转换成定语从句的。只是有些情况下,有些名词本身就习惯上是搭配不定式,所以改写反而不自然,如decide/decision+to...。