关于主语外位(Extraposition)的疑问

5 关于主语外位(Extraposition)的疑问

一般来说，由从属连词that/whether/if，或者wh-类疑问词引导的主语从句可以进行外位，由先行主语it填补语法主语空缺。我的疑问是，由wh-类连接词引导的名词性特殊问句可作为外位主语，但是，wh-类连接词引导的名词性关系分句(即把连接词视为融合型关系代词/副词时)是否可作为外位主语？

例如:

1. It doesn't matter what you do.(what疑问含义，“什么”)

2. It is not yet clear who was responsible for the accident.(who疑问含义，“谁”)

...等等

但是，这样的句子是否正确呢？如果正确的话，是否可以用外位主语进行解释呢？

1. It is surprising what he did yesterday.(what=the thing that/which)

2. It must be pretty hot where you come from.(where=the place where)

根据Swan的解释，it一般不作名词短语的先行主语,即名词短语不可以作为外位主语。不可说，It's wonderful the new concert hall.)

但是，在非正气文体里，it可以充当“名词+限制性关系分句”的先行主语。

It's wonderful the enthusiasm that the children show.

It's amazing the way (that) they work together.

这样的“名词+关系分句”可以作为外位主语的解释，是否可以作为“名词性关系分句”同样可以作为外位主语的依据呢？

希望各位老师帮助我解答这个疑问，麻烦了。

4 条评论
分类：it 用法

最佳答案 2022-10-21 17:05

Swan的例句不能作为名词性关系分句可以外置的理论依据。名词词组通常是不能外置的，只有一类特殊的名词词组才可以外置，即该名词词组的形式为the+名词+限制性定语从句。此外，这类名词词组实际上是隐含疑问含义的，剑桥语法称此为隐匿问句（concealed question），而且主句表达的是感叹意义。所以并不是所有名词+限制性定语从句作主语都可以外置的，也不能因为某些名词词组+限制性定语从句作主语可以外置，就据此推理出名词性关系分句可以外置。以下外剑桥英语语法关于名词词组作主语外置的论述：

(b) Extraposition of NPs

NPs generally cannot be extraposed, but there is a very limited range of types that can:

[13] i It’s extraordinary the amount of beer he puts away.

ii It impressed me the way she disarmed him.

iii It’s incredible the things they get up to.

The NPs concerned all have the form ‘the ... N + relative clause’. They are a special

case of what we have called ‘concealed questions’ (see Ch. 11, §5.3): they are more

or less equivalent to the interrogative clauses how much beer he puts away, how she

disarmed him, what they get up to. At the same time, the matrix VP gives an exclamatory

meaning: [i] conveys that he puts away an extraordinarily large amount of beer, and so

on. Extraposition is optional: we can also have the basic versions The amount of beer he

puts away is extraordinary, and so on.

剑桥语法在讨论fused relatives (即融合型关系词引导的名词性或副词性分句）时，明确提出fused relatives作主语是不能外置的。该书1069页指出：

[6] a. What she suggests is unreasonable. b. *It is unreasonable what she suggests.

Like ordinary NPs, fused relatives do not occur in the extraposition construction. Here

too they differ from clauses: compare That we should have to do it ourselves is unreason

able and It is unreasonable that we should have to do it ourselves.

3 条评论

曹荣禄 -

擅长：动词用法,句法问题 | 采纳率 82% | 回答于 2022-10-21 16:21

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陈才 - 英语教师 2022-10-21 13:33

擅长：中考英语,词法问题

【标题】where引导名词性从句:(主要包含疑问分句和关系分句两种去作句子(主句)的“主语成分” “表语成分”和“宾语成分”）

【1】where引导疑问分句：此时where含有和特殊疑问词相同的意思(不同的为陈述语气)

Where I will go is none of your business.=It is none of your business where I will go.

Where Tom went isn't known.=It isn't known where Tom went.

备注：where引导疑问分句，由于从句能表达“完整的事件意义”的“主谓结构”，所以可以使用“外置主语结构” 即，把从句放在句末，让后由it作为形式主语。

【2】where引导关系分句：此时where引导从句本质为名词短语/名词词组(where=the place where)

Where Tom lives in summer is very hot.【正确】【where引导主语从句】

=The place where Tom live in summer is very hot.【where引导定语从句】

Where Mary lives is very beautiful in spring.【正确】【where引导主语从句】

=The place where Mary lives is very beautiful in spring.【where引导定语从句】

Where you come from must be pretty hot in (the) summer.【正确】【where引导主语从句】

=The place where you come from must be pretty hot in (the)summer.【where引导定语从句】

备注：where引导关系分句，因为关系分句本质为名词短语/名词词组。关系分句不能表达“完整的事件意义”的“主谓结构”，所以不可以使用“外置主语结构” 即：把从句放在句末，让后由it作为形式主语。所以以下三个句子都是错误的。

It is very hot where Tom lives in summer .【错误】

It is very beautiful in spring where Mary lives.【错误】

It must be pretty hot in (the) summer where you come from.

【备注：如果把it当作形式主语和把where you come from为真正主语从句理解是错误的。】

It must be pretty hot in (the) summer where you come from.【where引导地点状语从句】

=It must be pretty hot in the summer in the place where you come from【where引导定语从句】

【备注：把主语it指代天气，把where you come from理解为地点状语从句是正确的。】

网友提供以下英语句子对错判断如下

【1】 It doesn't matter what you do.【错误】

更正：What you do doesn't matter.【正确】

【2】It is not yet clear who was responsible for the accident.【正确】

=Who was responsible for the accident is not yet clear.【正确】

【3】 It is surprising what he did yesterday.(what=the thing that/which)【错误】

更正：what he did yesterday is surprising.【正确】

【4】It must be pretty hot where you come from.(where=the place where)【理解主语从句是错误(where=the place where；理解为地点状语从句正确(in the place where】

更正:What you come from must be pretty hot where you come from.【正确】【主语从句作主语】

【5】It's wonderful the enthusiasm that the children show.【错误】

更正：The enthusiasm that the children show is wonderful【正确】

【6】It's amazing the way (that) they work together.【错误】

更正：The way that they work together is amazing.【正确】

5 关于主语外位(Extraposition)的疑问

最佳答案 2022-10-21 17:05

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