...can be achieved by a brief period lying, or even sitting down. = can be achieved by a brief period's lying (down), or even a brief period's sitting down.
这里是动名词结构,lying (down)和后面的sitting down均为并列关系的动名词,(实际是共用一个down),这种用法,可以理解为period 后省略所有格’s, 所以作者没有使用of. 当然如果使用of 也可以,属于另一种用法。请看外刊例句: