But the world by then will have recognized, if it has not already, that the rise of China was a unique event.

【1】By then 中 By 是介词吗？ then 是副词，介词后可以加副词吗？

解答：“by then”属于介词“by”+名词“then”构成介词短语在句中作时间状语 “by then=到那时”

Call again next week. They should have reached a decision by then .

下星期再来电话。到那时他们应该作出决定了。

 We all knew by then that the affair was practically over. 

到那时，我们都知道事情实际上已经结束了。

【2】We will find out pretty soon whether it was the formula for success in this election for which the results are not yet in.

解答：第1个“in”是介词用法“在...之中”，第2个in是副词用法“出来/产生/来到/来临/到达”

Is the ship in yet?船到港了吗?  Summer is in.夏天来了。

【3】How many abortions does Illinois currently provide both for people within Illinois is and people coming from out of state?

解答：“coming from out of state”为现在分词短语作后者定语修饰前面名词“people”coming from out of state为“动词+介词+副词+介词+名词”

 We've created a beautiful new building from out of an old ruin. 

我们从废墟上创建了一幢漂亮的新楼.

【4】with all sorts of data to make sense of before breakfast .  中文意思“有各种各样需要在早餐前弄清楚/搞清楚的数据”

解答:“with all sorts of data to make sense of before breakfast”为介词with+名词短语+不定式后置定语构成“介词短语”

备注(1):to make sense of before breakfast为不定式短语作后置定语修饰前面名词“all sorts of data”。

备注(2):make sense of sth 弄清楚/搞清楚某物/某事的意思。

备注(3):before breakfast为介词短语作不定式时间状语。

备注(4):all sorts of data各种各样的数据

备注(5):不定式to make sense of 与被修饰名词data属于“动宾关系” 相当于是“To make sense of all sorts of data before breakfast”

备注(6):整个介词短语意思“需要在早餐之前弄清楚/搞清楚各种各样数据的意思”

make sense of 弄清楚/搞清楚/搞明白/理解

Provided you didn't try to make sense of it, it sounded beautiful. 

只要不非得弄懂它的意思，它听上去还是很美的。

How can we make sense of such a story as this? 我们如何能理解这样的事？