您看我下面做的笔记有没有哪里写的不对,辛苦啦:
所谓名词从句,就是把完整句子当作名词来使用,名词在句中主要充当四种成分:主语、宾语、表语和同位语。名词从句就是用三种句子(陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句)来分别充当另外一个句子的四种句子成分(主语、宾语、表语和同位语)。这即是名词从句的本质特征。
一、陈述句作句子成分
(1)规则是在陈述句句首加上that,为什么要加that?
假如把that去掉,上句就变成:English is important is an undoubted fact. 这句话就有两个中心谓语部分,即is important和is an undoubted fact。native speakers就会纳闷:你要表达的意思到底是“某个东西重要(something is important)”,还是要说“某个东西是事实(something is an undoubted fact)”?在英文中,句子的核心意思主要是靠谓语部分来表达的,一个句子只表达一个核心意思(因为我们说话要一句一句地说),也就只能有一个谓语部分。
为了避免混淆,在句首加上一个标志that,这里的that就相当于一个指路牌,它的出现就等于是在告诉读者:that后面紧接着的句子是要作为另一个句子的某一个成分来使用的,不是要表达的核心意思。因此,当读者读到That English is important...他就知道这个句子的核心意思并没有讲出来,他一定会期待着句子接下来的中心意思。当他读到...is an undoubted fact时,他知道了,句子要表达的意思是“英语很重要,这是一个毋庸置疑的事实”,而不是要说“英语很重要”。
比如:He said no word at the meeting was strange.对于这个句子,很多读者自然会作宾语从句理解:He said that no word at the meeting was strange.此时句子的意思是:他说,会上人们的发言都很正常,并没有什么奇怪的。但是,如果在句首添加一个that而将其改写为:That he said no word at the meeting was strange.此时则要理解成:他在会上一言不发,这真让人觉得有些蹊跷。
为什么宾语从句中的that可以省去呢?这是因为对于宾语从句,主句的谓语已经出现,谓语后面所接的成分自然是宾语,所以在不会影响句子意思的情况下,可以把that省去。若是几个宾语从句并列使用,则that一般都不可省去。原因是有了that的“指路牌”的作用。
要点:
陈述句作主语:
(a)it作形式主语
比如That he doesn't understand English is obvious,更常见的是用it作形式主语置于句首,而将主语从句放在句末。句型如下:
It is+过去分词+that从句:It's reported that...(据报道……)
It is+形容词+that从句:It is clear that...(显然……)
It is+名词短语+that从句:It is a pity that...(可惜的是……)
It+不及物动词+that从句:It seems that...似乎……
其他结构:It occurs to sb. that...某人突然想起……
(b)just because+陈述句”,置于主语位置
Just because someone doesn't love you the way you want them to
doesn't mean they don't love you with all they have.
同位语从句句型:
注:同位语从句主要是由that引导,而很少用whether以及连接代词或连接副词引导,这是因为我们多是用陈述句来补充说明名词的内容,而很少用一般疑问句或特殊疑问句来补充说明名词的内容。
a名词+that+陈述句
b名词+定语+that+陈述句
例一:The statement by the driver of the vehicle that he did not see the lorry was rejected by the Court. 这里by the driver of the vehicle和同位语从句that he did not see the lorry共同修饰中心名词statement。
例二:sth. has raised concern among sb. that+从句(担忧内容);划线部分共同修饰concern。如果不是从句,则接介词短语over sth,表示“什么事情引起了什么人的担忧,担忧内容是……”。
c名词+谓语+that+陈述句
A saying goes that practice makes perfect .
二、一般疑问句作句子成分
规则是:先将疑问句的倒装语序变成陈述句语序,并在句首加上whether或if(if只用在宾语从句中)来引导,以保留原句的疑问意义。
if只用于引导宾语从句,而whether可引导包括宾语从句在内的其他名词从句。
不说if or not,但可以说if...or not。
三、特殊疑问句作句子成分
规则是疑问句的倒装语序变成陈述句语序。
如果特殊疑问词在句中作主语,则特殊疑问句无需调整语序而直接作成分,因为此时的问句即是一个陈述句语序。请看例句:
Who will chair the meeting? 转换成:Who will chair the meeting has not yet been decided.
要点:
宾语从句可以作双宾语动词的直接宾语或间接宾语,比如:
Could you tell me where the post office is ?
They gave who came to the meeting a book.
注:论两个宾语“人+物”哪个位于前面,“物”永远是直接宾语,“人”永远是间接宾语,因为动作一定是直接作用在“物”上面,间接传递给“人”。
后置的宾语从句,即“动词+it形式宾语+宾语补足语+that宾语从句”:
We believe it true that the human body is also a kind of good conductor.
解析:从句缺主语,因此应该用主格形式的连词whoever,故C正确。
你归纳的很好,看得出你用了不少的心思。我提一点不同的看法(供参考):
1. 关于It seems that-clause句式中that从句的属性问题,语法界颇有争议,但从其句式结构来看,我认为that从句作表语似乎更合理且更容易理解。
1) seem“似乎;好像”是“连系动词”(link-v),意义不完整,须加表语构成复合谓语。例如:
She seems quite optimistic about it. 她似乎对这件事很乐观。
He seems to have something to say. 他好像有话要说。
2) 在It seems that/as if...句式中,it是引导词,没有实际意义,在句中作虚义主语,指某种情况或现象;that/as if引导表语从句说明这种情况或现象。例如:
It seems that/as if she has fallen in love with him. 看来她已经爱上他了。
▲由于系动词seem的意义不完整,不能单独做谓语,所以上面的句子切不可去掉it而还原为:* That she has fallen in love with him seems.;用as if引导的从句作主语就更不对了。
3) It seems 可换用It appears或It looks,但It looks后接 that从句较少见,要用as if或as though。例如:
It seems/appears/looks as if the blaze was started deliberately. 看来似乎是有人蓄意纵火。
4) It seems that... 常可转换成“名词或代词+seem+不定式”结构,意义不变。如果不定式为to be+形容词,to be可省略,但要注意时态。比较:
It seems that he is ill. = He seems (to be) ill. 他好像病了。
It seems that he was ill. = He seems to have been ill. 他好像生过病。
2. 另外,我举一个包括四种名词性从句的例子。这种情况在英语中不是很常见,但也是存在的。
What made him angry was that I told the boss that he had let out the secret that the company was laying off some of the staff. 令他恼怒的是,我告诉老板他泄露了公司打算裁减部分人员这个秘密。
1) what made him angry为主语从句。
2) that I told the boss ...为表语从句。
3) that he had let out the secret...为宾语从句(作told的直接宾语)。
4) that the company was laying off some of the staff为同位语从句(说明secret的具体内容)。
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