They were well trained by their masters _____ had great experience with caring for these animals.
这是2019年高考英语全国卷Ⅲ的语法填空题,所给答案为 who,为什么不能填 that 呢?
赞同曹老师的解答。非限制性定语从句表达的意义含“唯一性”,常可用and转换为并列句。例如:
① My granny met a warm-hearted man, who (= and he) helped her across the street.
② One of the top players in the 110-meter hurdles was Liu Xiang who (= and he) was born in 1983. 顶尖的110米栏运动员之一是刘翔,他出生于1983年。
句②中的“who was born in 1983”是对先行词作附加说明,可省略且不影响主句的意思,虽没有用逗号隔开,但仍为非限制性定语从句。非限制性定语从句对先行词的修饰通常都是很松散的,切勿仅以有无逗号去判断。
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“马远兵”网友问出了一个很好的问题。“刘三木”网友提供的这个网页上的例子以前我也看过,我说说我的看法:
1.My brother, who claimed to have a limp, sprinted after the bus.
(This clause is not required to identify "My brother." It is just additional information.)
这句蕴含的意思可能是“我”就只有一个兄弟。
2.My brother (who claimed to have a limp) sprinted after the bus.
(As it's just additional information, you can put it in brackets.)
这句蕴含的意思可能是“我”不只有一个兄弟。
对比非限制性(非限制性只是补充说明而已,这个意义上说此时的关系代词很像连词)来说,限制性主要表现在两个方面:一是is used to distinguish a particular one (or ones) from others of the same class(上面的例句就是);二是to indicate a particular aspect from which we are to consider the thing or the person mentioned. 比如我们说‘the sun that ripens the crops’,太阳只有一个,唯一确定的,按理说没啥好限制的,但是这里“限制”太阳是要描述先行词“太阳”的某一个方面的特点,因此仍可以是限制性的。人名是个特殊情况,只能是非限制性的,不管有没有逗号。
如果真要解释上面的那道高考题用who还是that,可以直接从限制性定语从句的角度来讨论,关于这方面的知识应该已经超出高中英语学习的范围,而且现在很多语法书中也不太谈到,只有少部分书中有提到。简单说,用that更多强调的是一类人,把他(们)看作某类/种人(联想为什么all,only还有最高级等词后面一般用that不用who就是这个道理),而用who则强调单个的个人,只是有细微的区别,当然就目前语言的发展,这个说法变得不是主导因素,并不能很好的解释一些新的语法现象。就当了解一下,也可以套在那道高考题上琢磨一下,不细说了。
用一段话作结尾:
Some people still object to the use of that in reference to a specific person, on the ground that it sounds disrespectful. There is something in this objection, but it surely does not apply when the preceding noun refers to people in general or a type of person or a vague group of people, rather than to individually specified people. It can sound much more natural, in fact, to use that than to use who or whom.(The Right Word at the Right Time A Guide to the English Language and How to Use It by coll 1985版第624页)
一个新说法,(Question 2)最后那段,也许有些帮助。