where在此是融合型关系副词,等于in the places where 引导地点状语从句,后面并列的四个名词均为聊天APP的名称,这四个名词表示地点,是where中隐含的places的同位语。作同位语的名词可以被副词修饰,例如,Mr. Smith,once a teacher, has been working as a volunteer since retirement. once a teacher就是同位语,名词 a teacher被副词once修饰。夸克把这种修饰名词词组的副词称为下加状语(subjunct)。
另一种分析方法(剑桥英语语法)是把mainly Instagram, Snapchat, Facebook and WhatsApp 分析为补充语(supplement),对where从句作补充说明。